Human Body Organisation and Systems Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering the levels of organization, body systems, anatomical terminology, and homeostatic feedback loops.

Atom

Smallest unit that can’t be broken down.

Nucleus

Contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Electron

Contains shells (2, 8) and outer valence.

Molecule

2 or more atoms joined by a chemical bond.

Cell

Molecules forming organelles that come together to form tissue.

Tissue

Made from cells; includes categories like Muscle, Epithelium, Connective, and Neural.

Muscle tissue types

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Epithelium

Tissue used for lining.

Connective tissue

Tissue type that includes cartilage.

Neural Tissue

Tissue that includes nerves.

Organ

Multiple tissue types working together.

Organ System

Performs functions like respiratory and can be more than one organ.

Digestive system

Responsible for absorption of nutrients and excretion of waste; includes the stomach.

Skeletal system

Responsible for protection, support, and anchor; includes bones and production of red blood cells.

Integumentary system

Protects against pathogens; includes skin, hair, nails, and oil.

Renal system

Responsible for the production of urine and excretion/waste removal; includes the bladder and kidneys.

Nervous system

Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; sends information, responds to stimuli, and controls the system.

Muscular system

Responsible for movement, pumping blood, moving food, producing heat, and stabilising joints.

Reproductive system

Responsible for hormone release, the cycle, continuing species, and housing offspring; includes the uterus, testes, and ovaries.

Cardiovascular system

Delivers oxygenated blood to the tissues through the heart and maintains blood pressure.

Endocrine system

Responsible for hormonal production to maintain homeostasis; includes the Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, parathyroid, and gonads.

Lymphatic system

Drains fluid from tissue back to the cardiovascular system; includes lymph vessels and nodes.

Respiratory system

Responsible for gas exchange (Oxygen in and $CO_2$ out via diffusion), acid base balance, speech, and smell; includes lungs, pharynx, and larynx.

Homeostasis

The optimal balance to a normal state regardless of external environment.

Negative Feedback

A system that REVERSES RESPONSE; for example, blood glucose levels.

Positive Feedback

A system that AMPLIFIES RESPONSE; for example, childbirth.

Receptor

Responds to a stimulus.

Control centre

The part of the feedback loop making the decision (e.g., the Hypothalamus).

Effector

The driver of the response in a feedback system.

RUQ

Right Upper Quadrant; contains the Liver.

LUQ

Left Upper Quadrant; contains the stomach.

RLQ

Right Lower Quadrant; contains small and large intestines.

LLQ

Left Lower Quadrant; contains small and large intestines.

Saggital

A plane dividing into Left and right where the cut touches the nose.

Transverse

A plane dividing into Superior and inferior where the cut touches the belly button front on.

Frontal/coronal

A plane dividing into Anterior and posterior where the cut doesn’t touch the nose.

Orbital

Anatomical term for the eyes.

Brachial

Anatomical term for the upper arm.

Patellar

Anatomical term for the knee.

Popliteal

Anatomical term for behind the knee.

Occipital

Anatomical term for the posterior side of the head.

Axillary

Anatomical term for the armpit.

Navel/umbilical

Anatomical terms for the belly button.

Survival needs

Oxygen, nutrients, temperature and pressure.