carter african amercian

What percentage of the total US population did African Americans make up by 1981, and what percentage of welfare recipients did they constitute?

They made up 12% of the population but constituted 43% of those on welfare due to persistent economic inequality.

What percentage of African Americans were classified as middle class by the end of Carter's presidency in 1981?

30% of African Americans.

What percentage of African Americans had successfully obtained university degrees by 1981?

8% of African Americans.

What did the Supreme Court rule regarding university admissions in the landmark 1978 case University of California v. Bakke?

It ruled that rigid racial quotas were unlawful, but upheld the legality of using affirmative action as an admissions factor.

What did the Supreme Court definitively rule in the 1979 United Steelworkers v. Weber case?

It ruled that private employers could legally use affirmative action programs to eliminate conspicuous racial imbalances.

How did President Carter alter the federal government's approach to the War on Drugs?

He softened the approach by providing lighter sentencing, which reduced drug-related imprisonments by one-third during his presidency.

How low did the membership of the Black Panther Party fall by 1980 due to government infiltration and intense infighting?

It fell to only 27 members.

Which two leaders clashed within the World Community of Islam, causing the group to split in the late 1970s?

Reformist leader Wallace Muhammad and traditionalist member Louis Farrakhan.

What did Louis Farrakhan do in 1978 following his split from Wallace Muhammad's group?

He broke away and formally recreated the Nation of Islam to follow the original traditions of Elijah Muhammad.

What did the Commission on Civil Rights report in 1977 regarding the portrayal of black characters on television?

It reported that black television characters were still usually portrayed as dishonest, stupid, and immoral.

Which prominent black character in the 1978 film "The Inglorious Bastards" demonstrated the rising influence of black actors in mainstream cinema?

Private Fred Canfield.

Which musical pioneer is credited with helping to discover and develop the emerging genre of hip-hop in urban black communities?

DJ Kool Herc.

What was the first commercially successful hip-hop track released in 1979, and how many copies did it sell?

"Rapper's Delight" by the Sugarhill Gang, which sold 500,000 copies.