Hypertension and Related Disorders

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to hypertension, kidney diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and more.

Primary Hypertension

Hypertension that has no identifiable cause.

Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension that arises from a specific cause, often related to another disorder.

Stage 1 Hypertension

Blood pressure readings of 130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic.

Stage 2 Hypertension

Blood pressure readings greater than 140 systolic or greater than 90 diastolic.

Higher-risk factors for hypertension

Smoking, alcohol use, high sodium diet, sedentary lifestyle, family history.

Potential complications of hypertension

Hypertensive heart disease, stroke, renal disease, retinal damage, peripheral vascular disease.

Nursing interventions for hypertension

Blood pressure measurement and risk factor modification.

Patient education for hypertension

Encourage stopping smoking, adhering to medications, increasing physical activity, and adopting a healthier diet (DASH diet).

Common medications for hypertension

Adrenergic inhibitors, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, diuretics.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

A sudden decline in kidney function due to various causes including prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal factors.

Hyperkalemia in AKI

Elevated potassium levels which can cause palpitations and confusion.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Progressive loss of kidney function, leading to risks like cardiovascular disease and fluid overload.

Dialysis goals

Remove waste products, restore fluid balance, and correct electrolyte imbalances.

Urinary Retention

Inability to empty the bladder completely, often due to mechanical obstruction like an enlarged prostate.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Genetic disorder characterized by cyst formation leading to kidney enlargement.

Esophageal Varices

Dilated veins in the lower esophagus due to portal hypertension, which can lead to hematemesis.

Diabetes Mellitus

A group of diseases that result in high blood sugar (too much glucose in the blood) due to insulin resistance or lack of insulin.

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Erosion of the gastric mucosa caused by stomach acid and can be complicated by perforation or bleeding.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa, often due to infection or irritation.

Diverticulosis

Presence of diverticula in the colon which can become inflamed (diverticulitis).

Bowel Obstruction

A blockage preventing the normal passage of contents through the gastrointestinal tract.

Colorectal Cancer

Cancer that develops from polyps in the colon or rectum over years.

Fecal Incontinence

Inability to control bowel movements, leading to involuntary loss of stool.

Hernia

Protrusion of tissue, such as the intestines, through a hole in the abdominal wall.

Fistula

An abnormal tract between two hollow organs, which can lead to complications such as infection.