final review worksheet

list the 7 things included in CBC

TP, WBC count, RBC count, hemoglobin, PCV, blood smear eval, RBC indices

what 3 values measure RBC mass

RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit

list the RBC indices

MCV, MCH and MCHC

what does MCV stand for and what it measures

Mean corpuscular volume - measures the size of RBC

what does MCH stand for and what it measures

mean corpuscular hemoglobin - amount of hemoglobin present in RBC

what does MCHC stand for and what it measures

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration - concentration of hemoglobin in RBCs

what is the fluid portion of blood that sits on top of RBCs after a red/tiger top tube spun down. does it contain fibrinogen and clotting factors

serum - it does not because they have been used up from clotting

what is a hemacytometer and what is it used for

manual counting system used for manual WBC, RBC, platelet counts

what species has the largest mammalian RBCs? Smallest?

canine, caprine

in what species in rouleaux common in

equine, feline

list the 3 major types of blood cells and their functions

RBC - oxygen to tissues

WBC - defense and immunity

platelets - hemostasis

name the agranulocytes

lymphocytes, monocytes

name the granulocytes

basophil, eosinophils, neutrophils

what is the extramedullary hematopoiesis? list the most common sits for it

production of RBCs outside of the bone marrow - spleen, liver, lymph nodes

what blood pool do we draw blood from

circulating

list the key signal proteins for each cell line

RBCs - erythropoietin

WBCs - G-CSF, GM-CSF

platelets - thrombopoietin

describe whaty happens to cells as they mature

nucleus to cytoplasm ratio decreases, cell size decrease, nucleus segmentation increases, cytoplasm gets less basophilic

list the stages of erythropoiesis from least mature to most mature

rubriblast, prorubricytes, rubricytes, metarubricytes, polychromatophils, erythrocytes

how long does it take for the body to produce more RBCs in a healthy patient? what about an anemic one

5 days, 3-4 days

as species size gets bigger what happens to the RBC lifespan

it increases

what is the equation to calculate PCV

hgb x 3

what cells make up the buffy coat

WBCs, platelets, immature RBCs

what does clear to yellow plasma color indicate

normal

term for yellow plasma color

icterus

what does icteric plasma indicate

increased bilirubin from hemolysis, liver disease, bile duct obstruction

term for pink or red plasma

hemolysis

term for white plasma

lipemic

what is the oxygen carrying capacity of the RBC

hemoglobin

what is the equation for hemoglobin

HCT/3

what are the two primary proteins in the blood? where are they created

albumin, globulin, liver

what is the unit for MCV

femtoliters - fL

what is the unit for MCH

picograms - pg

what is the unit for MCHC

grams per deciliter - g/dL

what 3 values do we look at to determine if a patient is anemic

hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC count

what is regenerative anemic? what RBC morphologies do we see with it

the bone marrow is responding to the peripheral demand by releasing immature cells. the big 6

list the big 6

polychromasia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, target cells, NRBCs, basophilic stippling

what do the RBC indices usually look like in regenerative anemic? what about non-regenerative

macrocytic, hypochromic - normocytic, normochromic

what species don’t release immature RBCs into the peripheral blood

equine

what is essential for hemoglobin production

iron

what stain is used to evaluate reticulocytes

new methylene blue

what are two types of reticulocytes? what do they look like

aggregate - cluster of grapes, punctate - punctures

what species has both retics, which form is counted and why

felines, only count aggregate

list the 3 parts of the blood film

feathered edge, monolayer, body

what morphologies are associated with IMHA

ghost RBCs, spherocytes, agglutination

what morphologies are associated with IMHA

spherocyte, ghost RBCs, agglutination

what morphologies are associated with non-regenerative anemia

hypochromasia, dacrocytes

what is the most common RBC parasite in cats

mycoplasma haemofelis

when do you preform a corrected WBC count

you see 5 or more NRBCs while preforming your differential

list the WBCs from largest to smallest

monocytes, basophils, eosinophil, segmented neutrophil, lymphocyte

what type of lymphocyte directly attacks and kills infected cells

T cells

what type of lymphocyte created antibodies

B cells

what is the most common cause for an increase of band neutrophils

inflammation

what is a cytogram

a graph representing the different cell populations in a blood sample

what is serology? what does it detect

the study of the bodies immune system - antigens and antibodies

antigens are

a substance that can cause the body to produce an immune response

what are antibodies

a protein in the plasma or serum that is capable of binding to an antigen

what does it mean to opsonize

to coat a foreign object so that it is easier to recognize and phagocytize

if an ELISA test is antigen positive what does this mean?

the foreign agent is present

if an ELISA test is antibody positive what does this mean

the body is responding or has responded to the agent

is a FIV snap test looking for antibodies or antigens

antibodies

is a FeLV snap test looking for antibodies or antigens

antigens

is a feline heartworm snap test looking for antibodies or antigens

antigens

list the components of the IDEXX 4Dx test and if it is looking for antibodies or antigens

dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) - antigen

borrelia burgdoreri (lyme) - antibody

anaplasma - antibody

ehrlichia canis - antibody

what is the most common blood parasites in birds

haemoproteus

what is the largest blood parasite in birds

leucocytozoon

what color tube do we use for exotic chemistries

green

what stimulates erythropoiesis in reptiles

sunlight

what mammals have heterophils that act similar to neutrophils

rabbit, guinea pig, manatee, elephant

what is the name of the WBC that is seen in cavies

kurloff cell

what is the name of the WBC that is seen in only reptiles

azurophil

what are the 3 parts of hemostasis

primary, secondary, tertiary

what happens in primary hemostasis

initial platelet plug formation

what happens in secondary hemostasis

fibrin formation

what happens in tertiary hemostasis

fibrinolysis

hemostasis

arrest of bleeding by physiologic or surgical means

coagulation

sequential process that results in formation of an insoluble fibrin clot

primary hemostasis

formation of platelet plug formation resulting in initial arrest of bleeding

what coagulation factors are in the intrinsic pathways

12, 11, 9, 8

what coagulation factors falls under extrinsic pathway

7

what coagulation factors falls under common pathway

10, 5, 2

what coagulation factors are vitamin K dependent

11, 8, 10, 2

what pathways does aPTT test

intrinsic and common

what pathways does ACT test

intrinsic and common

what pathways does PT test

extrinsic and common

hemophilia A is a deficiency in what factor

8

hemophilia B is a deficiency in what factor

9

what is it called when there is a consumption of platelets and coagulation factors

disseminated intravascular coagulation

what is the function of VonWillenbrand factor

helps with platelet adhesion and aggregation

what factor does VonWillenbrand factor stabilze

8

what cells do platelets come from

megakaryocytes

what test is used to asses platelet plug function

buccal mucosal bleeding time

when talking about thrombocytopenia, what does SPUD stand for

S - sequestration

P - production

U - utilization consumption

D - destruction

what breeds most commonly have VonWillenbrands disease

dobermans and pointers

what breed is most commonly impacted with macrothrombocytopenia

king cavilers

list the components that are included in a urinalysis

gross eval, USG measurement, dipstick, microscopic eval of sediment

components of a gross exam of urine

color, turbidity, specific gravity, odor

what does red to brown urine indicate

presence of hemoglobin or myoglobin

how to tell the difference between hemoglobinuria and hematuria

centrifuge - hematuria will have a pellet of RBCS at the bottom with clear/yellow sediment. hemoglobinuria will remain red/pink throughout whole sample

how do we test turbidity

white paper test

what is it called when there is a fixed USG and what it means

isosthenuria - the kidneys are unable to concentrate or dilute urine