PH 45 week 3 quiz

Research Study Question

One clear, well-defined question the study is designed to answer

Specific Aims

Clearly defined actions that help move the study toward its goal

SMART Aims

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Timely

Conceptual Framework

A model using boxes/arrows showing relationships studied

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)

A diagram using nodes and arrows to show hypothesized causal pathways

Theoretical Framework

Established models from literature used to guide study design and interpretation

Health Belief Model

Framework explaining health behavior based on beliefs about risk and benefits

Theory of Planned Behavior

Framework stating behavior is influenced by intention, attitudes, and social norms

Social Cognitive Theory

Framework emphasizing learning through observation and environment

Health Outcome

Any measurable disease, disability, condition, attitude, marker, or health state

Exposure

A factor that varies across populations and may affect outcomes

Operationalize

Turning a concept into something measurable

Examples of Physical Activity Outcomes

Minutes of moderate activity per week; steps per day

Examples of Diet Outcomes

Healthy Eating Index; ounces of sugary drinks per week

Examples of Sleep Outcomes

Sleep quality; hours of sleep

Examples of Mental Health Outcomes

Perceived stress; depression diagnosis

Societal-Level Exposure

Factors affecting society broadly (minimum wage, rent control)

Community-Level Exposure

Factors affecting communities (public transportation, air pollution)

Individual-Level Exposure

Factors affecting individuals (insurance status, employment)

Kitchen Sink Approach

Testing many variables without theory, leading to meaningless associations

Dead Salmon Study

Example showing false positives can occur when many tests are run

Voxel

Small unit of the brain measured in fMRI scans

Statistically Significant

A result unlikely due to chance alone

Hypothesis

Prediction based on the research question

Primary Hypothesis

Main prediction being tested

Secondary Hypothesis

Additional prediction explored after the main one

Case Series

Study describing a group of people with the same disease or condition

Cross-Sectional Study

Study measuring exposure and disease status at one point in time

Case-Control Study

Compares past exposures between diseased cases and healthy controls

Cohort Study

Follows groups with different exposures over time for new disease cases

Correlational (Ecological) Study

Compares average exposure and disease levels across populations

Experimental Study

Researchers assign intervention or control groups

Qualitative Study

Explores perceptions, experiences, and meanings

Review Study

Summarizes existing literature

Meta-Analysis

Combines statistical results from multiple studies

Primary Study

Collecting and analyzing new data

Secondary Study

Analyzing existing collected data

Tertiary Study

Reviewing already collected/analyzed research

Observational Study

Researcher observes without assigning exposure

Descriptive Study

Describes who, what, when, where

Analytic Study

Tests relationships between exposure and outcome

Experimental Study

Always analytic because it tests intervention effects

EDP

Exposure, Disease, Population focus of a study

Case Report

Description of one person with a disease or unusual condition

Case Definition

Inclusion/exclusion criteria used to classify cases

Inclusion Criteria

Conditions required to join a study

Exclusion Criteria

Conditions preventing participation

Data Abstraction Form

Tool used to standardize data collected from records

Case Fatality Rate (CFR)

Proportion of people with a disease who die from it

Proportionate Mortality Rate (PMR)

Proportion of deaths due to a specific cause

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