Personality Quiz 5: The learning Perspective

classical conditioning

Learning through association of stimuli.

Stages of classical conditioning

US(food) > UR(salivation) > CS(bell + food ) > CR (bell > salivation)

How to know conditioning has taken place?

- Present the CS by itself, without US. If CS gets a reaction, conditioning has occurred.

- Once the condition has taken place, combo acts as reflex for another instance of conditioning.

Generalization

Responding similarly to similar but not identical stimuli.

Discrimination

responding differently to diff stimuli

Extinction

As CS appears repeatedly without US, the CRs weaken

Emotional Conditioning

classical conditioning when CRs are emotional reactions, e.g., color evokes negative reactions in academic contexts > red marks on paper

Personality

argues that ppl's likes and dislikes develop though this process

Instrumental conditioning

interchangeable with operant conditioning where behavioral response can be conditioned through reinforcement - either punishment or rewards associated with undesirable or desirable behavior

Habit Hierachy

order of responses in the hierarchy is derived from previous conditioning. some response v.likely cuz followed by very satisfying state of affairs. Others less likely ciz followed by less satisfying state of affair.

Reinforcement

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Positive reinforcement

adding something to increase behaivor

Negative reinforcement

occurs when something unpleasant is removed; will increase behavior

Primary reinforcer

diminishes a biological need (hunger, thirst, sleep, etc.)

Secondary reinforcement

anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer i.e. money

Punisher

refers to unpleasant outcomes and reduces the tendency to do the behavior that came before them

Primary punisher

events that are intrinsically aversive (pain)

Secondary Punisher

aversion because of their association with primary punisher, e.g., loss of money

Positive punisher

adding pain to reduce behavior

Negative Punishment

removing something good to discourage unwanted behavior

Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus that turns the behavior on and off.

Generalization

Generalize behavior from one setting to another, and your actions flow smoothly forward

Schedules of Reinforcement: Variations in frequency

continuous: behavior followed by a reinforcer time

Partial: behavior is followed by reinforcement only some of the time

Social and Cognitive variation

ppl learn by watching others

Socal Reinforcement

- Social reinforcers: acceptance, smiles, hugs, praise, social approval, attention

- Self-reinforcement: ppl may give themselves reinforcement after doing something they've set out to do or react to your own behavior with approval or disapproval.

Vicarious reinforcement

- if you observe someone do somethng that's sfollwed by reinforcement, you become likely to so the same yourself.

- If you see a person person punished after doing something, you're less likely to do it

What is reinforcement?

an outcome expectancy / mental model of links between actions and reinforcers

- They strengthen the tendency to do behaivors that preceeds them by providing info about the outcome and provide the potential for future moticational states though anticipation of recurrence un future

Efficacy Expectancy (self-efficacy)

confidence in having the ability to carry out a desired action

Role of Awareness

Previous study—conditioning happens whether you're aware or not

Newer studies—only if you're aware of the US and sometimes just expecting an averse event (as a US) can produce what looks like conditioned response.

Observational learning

one person performs an action, and another observe and repeats it.

Attention and Retention

- requires obsever to pay attention to the model to remember

- observational learning will work better on some models than others

- retention of what's observed has to be represented in memory (imagial coding aka mental pictures of what you're observing).

verbal coding: creating a description to yourself of what you're observing)

Production

Being able to replicate what you have learned

Acquisition vs. Performance

ppl don't always repeat the action they see, but learn a great many things that they never do.

- Bandura's aggressive acts on an inflated doll. children were offered incentive (acquisition)

Modeling of Aggression

Symbolic models—what is observed in media

3 processes:

1. ppl who observe innovative aggressive techniques acquire the techniques as "behavioral potential" by observational learning.

2. observing violence that's condoned or rewarded promotes aggression

3. repeated exposure to violence desensitizes observers from human suffering

Physiological Assessment

focus on assessment of emotional responses (biofeedback)

Behavioural Assessment

noticing overt behaviour in public e.g., phobia reponses to flying

Behaivor modification or Behaivoral Therapy

Phobias responses are classically conditioned and can be treated though systematic desensitization

- First taught to relax, then used to counteract phobia fears when in presence of stimulus process called counterconditining

conditioning context

replacing an undesired response with neutral one of with a response opposite to the original one

Shaping behaivor

sticker charts, reinforcement of engaging behaviors

Social cogntive apporach: Vicarious learning

- You don't have to have direct experience with stimulus to develop emotional response to it.

- your pattern of action can be influenced by watching outcomes that others experience.

Modeling and Response to Fear: Mastery Model

model seems to be completely without fear regarding what the person in therapy is afraid of

Coping Model

one who initially displays fear but overcomes it and eventually handles the situation

Participant Model

the therapist performs the behavior in front of the other person, who then repeats it