geography paper 2

brownfield land

land previously built on buildings may be standing or demolished

DTM

demographic transition model a model which describes how the birth and death rates as a country develops

five stages in the demographic transition model

stage one population is small because of high death rates and the country is developing people may do more dangerous work like mining

informal work

self employed or temporary small wage and limited health regulations

60% lagos total workforce in informal sector earning around a pound a day

GBI pe capita

the total amount of money earned by individuals or businesses divided by the population

Lagos key facts

• generates around 30% of Nigerias total GDP

• megacity with more than 18 million people

• main financial hub of Africa

• adult literacy rate is 92% compared to 57% in rest of Nigeria

• 60% city population live in squatter settlements or slums like makoko

• the Makoko slum is the largest slum and has a estimated population 250 000

• only 10% Makoko residents have access to piped water

• 2 million cars drive in Lagos daily commuters spend average 3 hours in traffic

integrated transport

a system linking different types of transportation to give commuters access to the whole city

megacity

more than 10 million people

remittance

family member living in a different country can send money back to their country of origin to support family

example of water spread diseases

cholera and other bacterial diseases where there is a lack of sewage system, floods, infrastructure leakage

urban greening

growing more vegetation and trees in centre of city eg growing plants on rooftops or have trees on the pavement

urban sprawl

city growing and spreading out taking over Greenfield land.

Urban sprawl in London

• restricted since 1947 Metropolitan Green Belt

• population places pressure on outward growth

• need for around 66 000 new homes per year commuter growth to the outer area beyond the green belt

• high inner city costs gentrification push families out in search of more affordable larger properties

• transport links like Elizabeth Line (Crossrail) and fast commuter networks make living in rural villages but commuting to London for jobs easy

Impacts of Urban sprawl in London

• donut towns commuters sleep in counties like Essex or Kent but they spend most of their Money in London leaving local shops empty during the day

• increased Traffic and increased carbon footprint

• loss of farmland reducing local food production capacity

• loss of habitats building on Greenfield sites disrupts ecosystems

managing urban sprawl

brownfield site regeneration redeveloping abandoned industrial land eg Elizabeth olympic park

urban densification which is building upwards not sideways high rise apartments in areas like Canary Wharf house more people on less land

what are the advantages and disadvantages building on brownfield sites

Advantages: existing transport networks
preserves countryside

Disadvantages: demolition and clearing toxic waste Is expensive

what are the advantages and disadvantages building on Greenfield sites

Advantages: land is cheap and easy to build on, clean air and pleasant environments attractive to buyers

Disadvantage: destroys countryside encourages car dependency

percentage of Uk living in urban cities

90%

reasons for rural urban migration

• better work opportunities

• more exciting lifestyle socially

• education opportunities

what are causes for urban-rural migration

retiring couples move out for a quieter lifestyle outdoor walks more than clubbing
avoiding traffic congestion

people might move out. to find more affordable houses
parents might want greener spaces for a more pleasant childhood or somewhere more safe than the city

HDI

human development index a measure of indicators including life expectancy inequality and education

ranks each country between 0 to 1 where 1 is the most developed

migration and immigration

migration is the movement of people within a country
immigration is people moving from one country to another

urban greening

encouraging more vegetation and green spaces amongst the city makes city more sustainable and more attractive

• planting trees along streets provides shade and home for birds

• lots of parks in London protected land in the middle of city offers residents open space for exercise and leisure

• rooftop gardens popular especially for rooftop bars or cafes

Canary Wharf before

was previously a dock for trade until it closed due to the creation of container ships meaning boats were to large to fit in the docks. Canary Wharf was left derelict making it unattractive for new businesses and a target for crime.

LDDC

London Docklands Development Corporation 1981
made an enterprise zone where businesses were given 10 years of tax free operations to attract investment

to fix isolation government funded DLR Docklands Light Railway in 1987 and later built London City Airport nearby.

Canary Wharf now

• massive job creation with over 100 000 new jobs created

• global banks like HSBC moved European headquarters

• Brownfield use

However there are also challenges

• majority of high paying banking and tech jobs are taken by the elite commuters

• there is high local unemployment only 10% of new jobs went to the residents of tower hamlets which is one of the UKs most deprived areas

• there has been severe gentrification and rents have been driven up to thousands of pounds a month, pricing out the original working class community.

where is Freiburg

south of Germany

social sustainability in Freiburg

residents as well as politicians have a voice in changes in the local area. groups of children are involved in giving feedback

economic sustainability in Freiburg

which contains providing jobs for families and green technology and the environmental industry

10 000 residents are employed in a green industry for example the manufacturers for the ‘solar valley’

environmental sustainability in Freiburg

• twice as many bikes as cars as streets aren’t built wide enough for large volumes of traffic and parking is expensive

• daily farmers market where crops sold are grown using organic farming practices reduce their food miles minimising the carbon emissions produced transporting food across the world

• local football stadium powered by solar panels

infant mortality rate

ratio of children under five that die compared to the number of births

health for miners and factory workers

miners develop respiratory conditions and factory workers can develop cancers form chemical they use

country ruled in the past

can be disadvantaged for example countries that were part of the British empire have smaller economies than in the UK. this is because the British government took more than it gave to its ruling empire.

for example if the empire buys crops and exports them back to their country they profit more than the farmers. if farmers earn low wages the government earns less tax and there is consequently less investment in local schools and healthcare.

colonialism and neocolonialism

colonialism is the direct control over a country for power money and resources.

neocolonialism is when countries arent ruled by another country as part of an empire but are still influenced and exploited

for example many businesses pay foreign manufacturers to build their products in other countries where workers rights and wages can be lower. they are exploited so the UK business earns more and minimises cost to produce.

climate and inequality

can affect whether a country has many resources to trade. for example hotter climates like in the Thar desert and Sahel desert it is harder to work outside and it is harder and expensive to have irrigation.

countries with larger amounts of resources to sell will have stronger economies.

if it rains regularly population have fresh rainwater to drink and crops are fed water borne diseases are less likely. If they have excess rain they can sell it (eg Lethoso highlands water transport from Lethoso to South Africa)

plants grow better in warmer climates and where it is more humid eg Malaysia. countries that are too hot near the equator suffer from drought and soil erosion desertification

fairtrade

a charity that pays farmers a fair wage for crops.

debt relief

struggling countries have debt wiped out so they can afford to invest and develop

largest sectors of economy in UK

finance and banking, construction, oil and gas, heathcare, retail, education.

quarrying

removing rock sand gravel and minerals from the ground

Nigeria has a large supply of

oil

Nigeria has the second largest

film industry Hollywood

what percent of Nigerias population are farmers

over 70%

subsidence farming

growing enough food to feed themselves and family

CAFOD

charity gift the goat that gives

people can spend 30 pounds to gift families in rural areas with a nanny goat

this provides the family with milk every week and the goats breed quickly providing growing herd that can be sold

their dung can be used as a natural crop fertiliser

fracking

releasing trapped natural gas from shale rocks

geothermal energy

water is pumped deep underground to be heated by magma plumes or radioactive rock. hot water creates steam which turns turbines in generators to produce electricity

hydroelectric energy

water is trapped in a dam to escape downstream which turns turbines to generate electricity.

irrigation

keeping crops well watered regularly using hose pipes, water channels and digging wells