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Carolingian Minuscule

A medieval script characterized by clear, rounded, lowercase letters, designed for easy readability.

Runes

A script with sharp, angular lines, designed for carving into stone or wood.

Cyrillic

A script used in Russia/Eastern Europe, resembling a mix of Greek and Latin letters.

Latin

The standard alphabet used in Western Europe, the base of the English language.

Arabic

A flowing, cursive-style script that is written from right to left.

Greek

A script with distinctive letters like Δ (delta), Σ (sigma), or Ω (omega).

Divine Right

The belief that monarchs are chosen by God to rule.

Fief/Demesne

The land granted by a king to a lord in exchange for loyalty and service.

Serfs

The lowest class in medieval society, bound to the land and required to provide labor and taxes.

Tithe

A tax paid by serfs, typically 10% of income, given to the church.

Corvée

Unpaid labor that serfs were required to perform for their lords.

Artisans

Skilled craftsmen who belong to guilds to regulate their trades and standards.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance where the oldest son inherits the entire estate.

Papacy

The authority and office of the Pope.

Regicide

The act of killing a king.

Lèse-majesté

A crime against the dignity of a reigning sovereign, such as insulting the king.

Noblesse Oblige

The obligation of nobility to behave with generosity towards those of lower status.

Crusades

Military campaigns by Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control.

Relics

Holy objects, often associated with saints, that are venerated.

Pilgrimage

A religious journey to a sacred site or to view a relic.

Knights

Heavily armored soldiers, often of noble birth, trained from childhood for warfare.

Longbow

A powerful bow used by the English in battles such as Agincourt.

Charlemagne

The 'Father of Europe' who founded the Holy Roman Empire in 800 AD.

William the Conqueror

The Duke of Normandy who led the invasion of England in 1066 AD during the Battle of Hastings.

Joan of Arc

A French peasant girl who led armies against the English and was executed.

The Magyars

Tribes that migrated from Central Asia to what is now Hungary.

Barbarian Tribes

Groups such as the Vandals, Goths, Franks, and Huns.

The Normans

Originally Vikings who settled in France and established kingdoms in England, Sicily, and Antioch.

Corvée

Labor provided as a form of tax payment, often required by the lord.

Tithe

A monetary payment, typically 10%, given to the Church as a tax.