us history exam

fall of the Berlin walll

historia event where physical barrier dividing communist east B and democratic west B was dismantled

SALT

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks aimed at controlling the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Reducing nuclear arms race

realpolitik

dictates decision and diplomacy based on practical worldly factors and national power dynamics, rather than rigid, ideological ethical, or moral premises

perestroika

The policy of restructuring the Soviet economy and political system initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, aimed at increasing efficiency and transparency.

glasnost

A policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s promoting openness and transparency in government and society, allowing for greater freedom of expression.

detente/coldwar

A period of relaxation of tensions and improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, characterized by arms control agreements and diplomatic negotiations.

title 9

no person in the u.s shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation, or denied the benefits of any educational program or activity receiving federal finance assistance

Mutually assured destruction

Cold War military doctrine stating that full-scale nuclear attack between 2 nuclear armed powers would result in complete annihilation of both attacker and defender

ronald reagan

40th president, represents the Reagan revolution a major political realignment in 1980 that ended decades of liberal policies:

• shrinked fed gov

• build military ip

• end Cold War

new right

outspoken conservative political movement that emerged in the 60s and 70s and peaked during the 80s (traditional conservatives, libertarians, and evangelical christians who united against the percieved moral decay of the 60s counter culture)

deregulation

reduction or elimination of government ruled governing businesses

conservative coalition

two distinct political alliances: alliances of northern republicans and conservative southern democrats

reverse discrimination

claims by majority group individuals (white) that affirmative action policies unfairly disadvantaged them in favor of historically marginalized minorities

entitlement programs

government funded initiatives that guarantee specific benefits to any individual who meets legally defined eligibility criteria, such as age, income, or disability

affirmative action

policies made to improve opportunities for historically marginalized groups in employment and education

moral majority

mobilized millions of evangelical christians to vote fundamentally shifting the republican platform toward social conservatism and helping Ronald Reagan win the election

environmental protection agency

federal agency, protecting human health and the environment by enforcing regulations on pollution, emissions, and toxic waste

roe v wade, dobbs v jackson

R. V W: court case in which court rules that us constitution implied right to privacy protects a pregnant woman’s liberty to choose to have an abortion

D. V J: eliminated federal constitutional right to an abortion

George H.W Bush

41st president, defined by the end of the Cold War and his leadership of an international coalition during the Persian gulf war

• known for domestic tax

OPEC

intergovernmental cartel of major oil-producing nations formed in 1960 to coordinate global oil production levels and secure stable revenue for its numbers

keynesian economics

macroeconomic theory asserting that total spending, or aggregate demand heavily dictates economic output, employment and inflation

reaganomics

macroeconomic theory posting that economic growth is the most effectively stimulated by lowering taxes, decreasing regulations, and free-market policies

supply and demand

foundational economic principle defining how the availability of a product or resource (supply) and the consumer desire for it (demand) interact to dictate its price

aggregate supply

total quantity of goods and services

supply shock

sudden unexpected event that dramatically alters the availability of a commodity, product or service

inflation

persistent, general increase in the price of goods and services across an economy leading to a loss of purchasing power

stagnation

periods of sluggish economic growth, high employment, and low productivity

stagflation

economic condition defined by the simultaneous occurrence of slow or stagnant economic growth, high unemployment, and rapidly rising prices