Substance-Related, Personality, and Schizophrenic Disorders

Flashcards covering substance-related disorders, personality disorders (Clusters A, B, and C), and schizophrenia symptom clusters and causes based on the lecture notes.

Substance use disorder

A condition combining substance abuse and dependence manifested across four aspects.

Tolerance

A physiological state where the body requires increasingly larger doses of a substance to achieve the same effect.

Withdrawal

The physical and psychological symptoms that occur after stopping the use of a substance.

GABA

The specific neurotransmitter system target influenced by alcohol, a central nervous system depressant.

Wernicke’s disease

A brain condition associated with chronic alcohol use.

Sedative

A substance that provides a calming effect, such as barbiturates.

Hypnotic

A type of substance that is sleep inducing.

Anxiolytic

A substance used to reduce anxiety, such as benzodiazepines.

Amphetamines

Stimulants that increase CNS activity by enhancing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and blocking their subsequent reuptake.

Cocaine Use Disorders

Disorders characterized by short-lived sensations of elation and vigor caused by the blocking of dopamine reuptake.

Tobacco Use Disorders

Disorders involving the stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the CNS, resulting in relaxation and pleasure.

Adenosine

The neurotransmitter whose reuptake is blocked by caffeine.

Opiods

Natural and synthetic substances with narcotic effects often referred to as analgesics; they activate the body’s enkephalins and endorphins.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

The active chemical in marijuana that produces mood swings, paranoia, or hallucinations.

LSD

The most common form of hallucinogenic drug; it has rapid tolerance and can produce psychotic delusions.

Detoxification

The process of withdrawing a substance under the care and supervision of medical personnel to moderate withdrawal symptoms.

Agonist Therapy

Treatment replacing an addictive drug with a less addictive, less problematic substance, such as methadone for heroin addiction.

Antagonist therapy

Treatment using drugs that block or counteract the effects of the drug being abused, such as Naltrexone or Naloxone.

Aversive Therapy

The use of drugs, such as Antabuse, that create distasteful experiences like nausea or bad taste when combined with the drug of abuse.

Relapse Prevention Training

Treatment focused on developing coping skills and identifying triggers to prevent the return to substance use.

Personality Disorder

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of the individual’s culture.

Cluster A

The personality disorder cluster characterized as odd or eccentric, including Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal disorders.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships, limited emotional expression, and a preference for being alone.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A disorder marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd or bizarre ways of thinking, and behavioral eccentricities.

Cluster B

The personality disorder cluster characterized as dramatic, emotional, or erratic.

Disinhibition

A trait associated with Cluster B personality disorders involving a lack of restraint.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15.

Borderline Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and marked impulsivity.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A disorder where individuals are extremely emotional, continually seek to be the center of attention, and are described as vain and demanding.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by grandiosity, a need for admiration, a lack of empathy, and an arrogant sense of entitlement.

Cluster C

The fearful or anxious cluster of personality disorders, including Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive disorders.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A disorder involving inhibition in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation.

Dependent Personality Disorder

A disorder characterized by a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of and difficulty with separation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A disorder involving a preoccupation with order, perfection, and control, resulting in lost flexibility and efficiency.

Positive Symptoms

Active manifestations of abnormal behavior in schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations.

Delusions

Gross misrepresentations of reality, which are a symptom of schizophrenia.

Hallucinations

The experience of sensory events without environmental input.

Negative Symptoms

The absence or insufficiency of normal behavior in schizophrenia, including avolition, alogia, and anhedonia.

Avolition

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by apathy or a lack of initiation and persistence.

Alogia

A relative absence of speech seen in schizophrenia.

Anhedonia

A lack of pleasure or indifference to normally pleasurable activities.

Affective flattening

A condition where an individual shows little expressed emotion.

Word salad

Incoherent speech characterized by severe disorganized thought processes.

Tangentiality

A disorganized speech pattern characterized by "going off on a tangent."

Loose associations

Conversation that shifts in unrelated directions, making it difficult to follow.

Catatonia

A variety of unusual behaviors or motor patterns associated with the disorganized spectrum of schizophrenia.

Smooth-Pursuit Eye Movement

A behavioral marker used in the search for genetic indicators of schizophrenia.

Dopamine Hypothesis

The theory that schizophrenia is related to neurotransmitter levels, where drugs that increase dopamine result in schizophrenic-like behavior.

Hypofrontality

A neurobiological abnormality in schizophrenia involving less active frontal lobes.

High expressed emotion

A family interaction pattern involving criticism, hostility, and over-involvement that is associated with schizophrenia relapse.