beef prod final

feed efficiency, especially on grass

Herefords are known for which production trait?

which beef cattle breed is the most popular in the U.S.

Angus

What percentage of Angus blood is required for a beef carcass to qualify for certified angus beef

0

What factors qualify for CAB?

no dark cutters

bos taurus cattle were domesticated from wild aurochs where?

iran, levant, turkey

what is the value of the beef industry in the US?

$97.9 billion

How many beef cattle does ohio have?

1.24 million

how much does each person eat in lbs of beef annually?

44-55lbs

three of the top five states with the most beef cattle

texas nebraska kansas

how many beef cattle are in the US

89.3 million

three general production traits for the british breeds

very feed efficient, lighter muscled, moderately framed, very maternal, fatter cattle

Cattle developed in england/europe

bos taurus

better marbling (carcass quality)

bos taurus

developed in india and africa

bos indicus

more tolerant of heat, humidity, insects, disease

bos indicus

breeds that form the foundation of the commercial US cow herds

bos taurus

improted to the us first

bos taurus

known for excellent composite breeds

bos indicu

based on BQA standards, should you administer shots IM or SQ, why

SQ because there is less of a chance of damage to the carcass since SQ is done between the muscle and skin

what is a clean pasture?

a pasture that has the parasite burden at the lowest point, usually in early spring, mid summer and late fall

Intestinal parasites (worms and flukes) suppress livestock's appetite and constantly stimulate the animals' immune system, resulting in extremely large lymph nodes

true

98-99% of parasite larve are in the pasture

true

How is BQA designed to enhance carcass quality?

no residue from medications, no injection site blemishes, no carcass defects, no contamination. Monitored through correct drug and vaccine use, control facilities, and adequate injection practices

Where do we give cattle injections to BQA standards and why?

neck because it holds less valuable cuts of meat

Four chambers of the ruminant stomach

rumen reticulum omasum abomasum

What is the function of the omasum and its nickname?

To squeeze out water of the digesta with the folds, also called the butcher's bible

when a calf is born what compartment is the largest of the ruminant stomach?

Abomasum, since it is the true stomach that secrets acid

Which compartment of the ruminant stomach functions by chemical/glandular digestion

Abomasum by secreting acid

When we feed a animal with a ruminant stomach what are we actually feeding

rumen microbes

What enzyme allows ruminants to digest forages and structural carbohydrates?

cellulase

rumen microbes synthesize what type of vitamins? Give two examples

water soluable vitamins, niacin biotin riboflavin thiamin

When are nutrient requirements highest and why in a cows annual production cycle?

early lactation because she is providing for both her and her calf. She needs enough nutrients to sustain life for two bodies, not just one

Forage based management in the fall options and quality

Pasture: quality is varible from the type and amount of forage in the pasture. Hay: meduim to low quality depending on cutting and make of they hay. Crop Residue: low quality because of the nutrient profile is low

How does rotational or managed intensive grazing pay?

Additional costs of establishing but increases carrying capacity, improved efficiency, increases average daily gain, increases production of cows

Beef quality assurance

ensures beef and dairy cattle are maintained in a manner resulting in safe and wholesome beef product

Biggest issues with quality assurance?

Branding, dark cutters, etc.

What was BQA designed for?

To enhance carcass quality by preventing residues, pathogen contamination, and carcass defects (injection sight blemishes and bruises)

Industry challenges

-injection site blemishes
-responsible drug and vaccine use
-control system

Common mistakes with medications

-off label use of drug (for disease and species)
-overmedicating
-not following withdrawal times
-failure to flush water and feed systems when feed grade meds are used
-improper administration and storage of drugs

BQA focus areas

-injections (given in the neck SQ
-carcass quality (external fat)
-dark cutters (feedyard management, implants, environment, genetics)
-facilities/ handling
-drugs and vaccines

Parasites and economics

-parasites cause many economic losses
-slow animals growth, lower feed conversion, decrease production and may cause death
-early treatments decrease economic losses

The four types of parasitic organisms

-fungi
-protozoa
-helminths (worms)
-arthropods (ticks and insects)

Two classes of parasites

External and internal

External parasites

live outside digestive, circulatory, reproductive and internal organs as adults

Internal parasites

live within digestive, circulatory, reproductive and internal organs as adults

External control

spraying, dusting, dipping, pour-on, injection, sanitation, and pasture rotation

Internal control

putting chemicals into the body (deworming)

Tick damage

anemia, weight loss, death

Lice host

all species (only one affects swine)

Mites

includes scabies, scabs, mange or barn itch, host is all species

Mites control

spots of rough, crusty skin with no hair, scratching and itching

Screwworm

Larval stage (maggots) is a flesh eating worm (unless controlled, larval stage will kill host, all species), adult stage is a fly

Screwworm life cycle

-adult fly lays eggs at sight of wound
-eggs hatch in 12-24 hours into maggots feeding on flesh
-complete growth in five to seven days
-drop to ground and then burrow into soil
-pupal stage lasts for a few weeks
-emerge as flies

Heel fly or cattle grub host

cattle

Flies

includes stable fly, horsefly, common blowfly, house fly, deer fly, and cedar fly

Fly life cycle

-adults lay eggs in manure or dead decaying matter
-eggs hatch into larvae in 24 hours
-pupae in 5-10 days
-flies emerge from pupal stage in 5-7 days and mature to adults in a few days

Loss in US beef industry due to flies

$700+ million

Irritation from flies can reduce

-weaning weights of calves by 12-14lbs
-average daily gain of grazing yearly steers 12-14%
-grazing time
-increases energy expenditure
-100-200 flies per animal

Methods of control

-insecticide sprays
-dust
-pour-ons
-oilers
-ear tags
-dust bags
-oral larvicides in minerals and blocks
-controlled release boluses

Ascarids

largest of the round worms

Chemical prevention for external parasites

Malathion, diazinon, lindane, rotenone, co-ral, permethrin

Chemical prevention for internal parasites

-ivomec (ivermectin)
-tramisol, prohibit (levamisole)
-safe guard, panecur (fenbendazole)
-valbazen (albendazole)
-synanthic (oxfendazole)
-cydectin (moxidectin)
-dectomax (doramectin)
-longrange, eprinex (eprinomectin)
-bimectin (ivermectin and clorsulon)

Tall Fescue

Kentucky 31, hard to kill, contains a toxic fungus in seed called toxic endophyte that constricts blood vessels, does not graze well in the summer, grazing in winter helps midigate fungus

Fescue Toxocosis

losing appendages (ears and hooves)

Orchard Grass

Benchmark, thrives well in wet soil, tolerates cold weather well, no palatability issues

Bluegrass

Kentucky, dominant grass in yards, not very tall, high quality, does not tolerate hot weather, decently tolerates wet soil

Timothy

low fiber, does not tolerate hot temps, decently tolerates wet soils, very high quality

Prennial Rye Grass

does not tolerate hot temps or wet soils, good forage quallity, grown more northern

Smooth Bromegrass

similar to orchardgrass, tolerates cold well, more grown out west

Legumes

cold season, fix nitrogen by risoba bacteria that from nodules on roots of legumes, high in protein energy and overall nutrient profile, causes bloat

Alfalfa

harvent when no more than 1/10 bloom and 15-17% moisture for leaves, tolerates heat and humidity, increase quality as it grows

Clover

causes liver damage

Red Clover

Harry stems and leaves

White Clover

Smooth stems and leaves

soybeans

not always grazed

Lespedeza

yellow flower, does not tolerate wet soil, contains tannins that livestock do not find tasty, has natural entrometic properties (controls worms in goats)

Sudangrass

seed in april to graze in june, challeng is that cyanide present when forsty, llikes hot temps

Sorghum-Sudan Hybrid

haylage, cyanide present haver frost

Forage Sorghums

5-6 foot tall, silage, not necessarily grazed, cyanide after frost

Pearl Millet

issues is that cattle get acidosis in grains, much better to graze, loves hot weather

Bermuda Grass

south, not very tall, very fine, bitter to livestock, does not tolerate cold at all

Big Bluestem

aka turkey foot, good forage quality, mainly in kansas and nebraska

Indiangrass

8 foot tall, not as palatable, grows very fast

Eastern Gamagrass

very palatable and nutritious, hard to establish, likes very wet soil

Brassicas

broccoli, turnips, boc choy

Annual Ryegrass

easily established, kills over easily in heat

gestation length

285 days

estrus cycle

21 days

What is the first time conception rate of AI?

65%

What % in the US are bred using AI?

20-25%

What does the pyrimid look like for the animal industry?

Top: ELite Breeders, Middle: multipliers, Bottom: End Users

What are the advantages of AI?

increase ww, improve yw performance, enhance carcass value, result in more productive and valubale replacement heifers,

What does AI allow producers to do?

use outstanding bulls and have great genetic selection

using top bulls results in

top of the line replacement heifers

its cheaper to buy semen even with:

the increased labor for heat detection and insemination

if synchronization is used

The calving season will be shorter and the calf crop should be more uniform

What are the disadvantages of AI?

requires better management, trained individuals, special facilities for corralling, extra time and commitment for estus detection, and the average conception is 65-70%

What must a manager be aware of when contemplating the use of AI?

herd identification, nutrition, cow estrous cycle and heat detection, sire selection, AI equipment, semen storage and handling, and insemination procedures

What is the purpose of estrous synchronization?

control estrus and ovulation, potential to shorten the breeding period from 21 days to 5 days

What are the advantages of estrous synch?

more uniform age of calves, makes AI programs more practical and useful, improved production efficiency and economic returns, shorten breeding and calving seasons, gain genetics, eases heat detection