Combined Hist 1010 Bian Exam 2

Plato

424-348 BC, theory of ideal forms

Theory of Ideal Forms

world of ephemeral and material forms; world of ideal and eternal forms; Plato said this was the only genuine world

The Republic

the first major work of utopian literature

Utopia

an ideally perfect place, especially in its social, political, and moral aspects

Auxiliaries

3rd group of utopia, they were in part self perpetuating and in their part recruited from the most promising slave children

guardians

4th group of utopia, they were selected from the best of auxiliaries' children, they undertake the task of governing upon completing training

Aristotle

one of Plato's students, studied in the Plato academy for 20 years, tutored Alexander the Great, rejected Plato's theory of ideal forms, believed in the ideal form (universal principle)

The plato academy

in the suburb of Athens, started by Plato for scholars

theory of form and matter

form: ultimate reality or universal principle

matter: material manifestation of the ultimate reality or universal principle

The Politics

The Mediterranean Triad

cereals, olives, grapvine

Greek Colonization

the Greeks colonized because it is mainly made up of islands, colonized because of necessity for more land for agriculture

Romulus and Remus

descendants of Aeneas, raised by a wolf

Etruscans

the first people to dominate Italy, league of 12 cities, expelled by Romans

Consuls

served as supreme civil and military magistrates

Praetor

assistant consul, elected annually, ranked below consuls but had same functions

Roman Senate

a selected group of 300 men (from leading families) who served for life

assembly of centuries

military assembly

assembly of tribes

civilian assembly

Republic

a political system or a form of government in which the supreme power is in the hands of representatives elected by the people

Patricians

the noble families of Rome, about 5-7% of Roman families

Plebeians

common people, land owners, artisans, farmers

struggle of the orders

the struggle between the patricians and the plebeians, a class struggle

Tribunes

two new officials who were elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates

Optimates and Populares

two new types of aristocratic leaders in Rome

Tiberius Gracchus

the First Populare

Latifundia

great landed estates

Gracchi Brothers

the reform attempt by the Gracchi Brothers, 133-121 BC

Gaius Gracchus

Gaius Marius

Lucius Sulla

Julius Caesar

Gaul

Gaius Octavian

Mark Anthony

Cleopatra

Battle of Actium

marked the end of the Roman Republic

Augustus

"the blessed/fortunate"; title given to Octavian by the Senate after he proclaimed the restoration of the republic

Diocletian

during a campaign in 284 BC, the emperor was killed and the soldiers named this person as Emperor

Tetrarchy

the form of government where 4 people are sharing power simultaneously

Hebrews

left Egypt for Palestine around 1300 BC

Abraham

according to the Hebrew scripture (the Old Testament), he was a native of the Sumerian city Ur in Mesopotamia

Moses

lead the Hebrews out of Egypt, was a prophet and a lawgiver

Yahweh

Name of God, meant the creator and the sustainer of the world

Monotheism

the doctrine or belief that there is only one God

Judaism

Jewish religion and the Jewish way of life

Jesus of Nazareth

the son of God; born in Bethlehem and raised in Nazareth; taught that "the kingdom of God is at hand"

Pontius Pilate

ruler of Rome, sentenced Jesus to be crucified

New Testament

Old Testament

Paul of Tarsus

second founder of Christianity; a Jewish rabbi from Tarsus of Anatolia that converted to Christianity

Damascus

Antioch

Gentiles

one who is not of the Jewish faith or is of a non-Jewish nation; non-Jews

Edicts of Diocletian

Constantine the Great

1st Roman emperor to profess Christianity, considered himself to be the 12th Apostle

Battle of Milvian Bridge

this battle led to Constantine's conversion to Christianity

Edict of Milan

"We decided it was right that Christians and all others should have freedom to follow the kind of religion they favored..."

basically said people could have religious freedom

Theodosius the Great

Christianity had become the state religion under this emperor

Germanic People

invaders originally from Scandinavia; moved to the areas North of the Rhine and Danube rivers

Kingdom of Ostrogoths

Eastern Germans

Kingdom of Visiogoths

Western Germans

Kingdom of the Franks

one of the strongest Empires in history; successful because of the conversion to Christianity

Clovis

established the Frankish kingdom and led it to greatness

Pippin the Short

the anointment of him not only marked the establishment of the Carolingian dynasty, it introduced the idea of a theocratic monarchy into western Europe

Carolingian Dynasty

dynasty that took over the Frankish kingdoms

Papacy

Roman Catholic Church

Theocratic monarchy

a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme ruler

Charlemagne

succeeded Pippin the Short; intended to create an effective and centralized administrative bureaucracy; relied on his counts to maintain order and stability in local society

Counts

aristocratic deputies of Charlemagne; he relied on them to maintain order and stability in local society

Missi Dominici

"Envoys of the Lord Ruler"; instituted to maintain control over local officials and prevent their integration into provincial aristocracy

Muslims

Magyars

descendants of a nomadic people from Central Asia who had settled in Hungary

Vikings

sailed shallow draft boats, most successful of nomadic invaders

Feudalism

the political and social order of societies that decentralized public authority and responsibility rather than vest in central authority

Lord

they provided Benefice's in exchange for loyalty and military service

Vassal

they provided loyalty and military service in exchange for Benefice's

Benefice

typically grants of land provided to Vassals from Lords

Serfs

people who were neither fully slave or fully free; owed various obligations including labor services and payments of rent in goods/produce

Manors

a large estate; the principle form of agricultural organization in Europe

Bishop

leaders of Christian communities

Pope

the bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church

Gregory the Great

defined the scope of the Pope's power and authority through a series of actions; laid the foundation for the Papal states

the Lombards

germanic people originally from Scandinavia, consolidated their hold on the Italian peninsula and threatened Rome and the existence of the Roman Catholic Church

Papal States

the State of the Church were territories in the Italian Peninsula were under the sovereign direct rule of the pope

monasticism

a religious way of life where one devotes himself fully to spiritual work

Benedict of Nursia

decided to build his own monastery, wrote his own set of rules called Benedictine Rule, known as the Patriarch of Western Monasticism

Benedictine Rule

established the basic form and norms of monastic life

Abbot

"father" of monastery

Donation of Constantine

legend, never actually happened, said that Constantine was cured of leprosy by Pope Sylvester and Constantine was so grateful that he handed over the throne to the pope. All of it is a lie, it was an attempt by the papacy to establish papal authority over secular rulers

Pope Leo III

took an oath purging himself to all charges during the trial in which he was accused of perjury or adultery

Coronation of Charlemagne

happened at St. Peter's Basilica; by successfully carrying out this, Pope Leo had demonstrated the supremacy of the religious power of the Roman Catholic Church over the secular power of the Frankish state

Lay Investiture

the phenomenon/practice of secular rulers appointing individuals to ecclesiastical positions (such as bishops) in the Roman Catholic Church

Pope Gregory VII

attempted to restore autonomy of Christian church by freeing the church from interference of secular rulers in the appointment of church officials; deposed of King Henry and excommunicated him

Investiture Controversy

represented continued rivalry and power struggle between the Roman Catholic Church and secular rulers in Western Europe; this lead to the intellectual foundation for the eventual separation of church and state in the West

Henry IV

king of Germanic states, was in charge of appointing people into secular positions, pope Gregory VII wanted this power, was excommunicated; went to Italy to seek absolution, after being absolved he drove Pope Gregory from Rome to take refuge in Southern Italy

Canossa

castle in Northern Italy, pope was located here

Concordat of Worms

in 1122, a new german king and a new pope reached a compromise called this; provisions of this were a bishop in Germany was 1st elected by church officials, then the nominee paid homage to the king as his feudal lord, who then invested him with the symbols of temporal office, then a representative of the pope invested the new bishop with the symbol of his spiritual office

Scholasticism

the dominant Christian theological and philosophical school/system of the middle ages based on Aristotle and the church fathers; it sought to bridge the gap between faith and reason

Thomas Aquinas

born in Italy around 1225; spent 9 years at the monastery of Monte Cassino; exposed to the work of Aristotle; decided to join the the Dominicas; parents kidnapped him and put him in a castle; went to University of Paris; was condemned; said that Aristotle provided proof that God existed