Ch. 10 Oxidative Phosphorylation
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47 Terms
The process where electrons from NADH/FADH₂ drive proton pumping to create a gradient that powers ATP synthesis.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Oxidative phosphorylation
What produces most ATP in cellular respiration?
Electron transport chain + ATP synthase
What are the two main components of oxidative phosphorylation?
Donate high-energy electrons to the ETC
What is the role of NADH and FADH₂?
NADH enters at Complex I (pumps protons), FADH₂ enters at Complex II (no proton pumping)
Why does NADH produce more ATP than FADH₂?
10 NADH, 2 FADH₂
How many NADH and FADH₂ are produced per glucose?
Oxygen (O₂)
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?
Water (H₂O)
What is formed when oxygen accepts electrons?
Energy released from electron transfer
What drives proton pumping in the ETC?
Complex I, III, IV
Which complexes pump protons?
Complex II
Which complex does NOT pump protons?
Complex I: 4 H⁺
Complex III: 4 H⁺
Complex IV: 2 H⁺
How many protons are pumped by each complex?
Mobile carrier that transfers electrons AND protons.
What is Coenzyme Q’s role?
A difference in H⁺ concentration across the inner membrane
What is the proton gradient?
Electrical gradient + chemical gradient.
What two forces make up the proton gradient?
Proton motive force
What is another name for the proton gradient?
Enzyme that uses proton flow to synthesize ATP
What is ATP synthase?
F₀ = proton channel
F₁ = ATP synthesis
What are the two main parts of ATP synthase?
Flow of H⁺ down their gradient
What powers ATP synthase?
Rotation
What type of motion occurs in ATP synthase?
~10 H⁺
How many H⁺ are required for one full rotation?
3 ATP
How many ATP are produced per full rotation?
Open, Loose, Tight
What are the 3 conformations of the β subunit?
Open → binds ADP + Pi
Loose → holds substrates
Tight → forms ATP
What happens in each state?
Open →
Loose →
Tight →
Rotation of the γ subunit
What causes the conformational changes?
It is released when returning to open state
What happens after ATP is formed?
~3 ATP
How many ATP per NADH?
~2 ATP
How many ATP per FADH₂?
Skips Complex I → fewer protons pumped
Why does FADH₂ produce less ATP?
ADP availability
What is the main control of oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP production depends on ADP levels
What is acceptor control?
ETC slows/stops
What happens when ADP levels are low?
ATP production increases
What happens when ADP levels are high?
Separation of electron transport from ATP synthesis.
What is uncoupling?
It dissipates
What happens to the proton gradient during uncoupling?
Decreases
What happens to ATP production during uncoupling?
Released as heat
Where does the energy go during uncoupling?
Molecules that shuttle protons across membranes
What are ionophores?
Bypass ATP synthase → no ATP made
How do ionophores affect ATP production?
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
What does DNP do?
Energy released as heat instead of ATP
Why does DNP cause weight loss?
Causes overheating (hyperthermia), blindness, and death
Why is DNP dangerous?
Water behind a dam
In the hydropower analogy, what represents the proton gradient?
What represents ATP synthase?
Electricity generation
What represents ATP production?
Electrons flow → protons pumped → gradient formed → ATP made
Summarize oxidative phosphorylation in one line