human behavior test april 10

Gender identity

One’s interpersonal self-concept of their gend

Gender expression

Presenting behaviors and dispositions that are fit

our perceived gender

Gender role

A set of expectations that prescribes how

females and males should think, act, and feel

Gender-role socialization

– The process of identifying and

internalizing appropriate gender roles

– Community and culture provides model

and reinforcement

Social constructionist approach

– Views gender as occurring from society’s perception of gender

– How people within a community understand and

expect individuals of that gender to behave

Social Cognitive Theory

emphasizes that gender development is influenced by:

– Their observation and imitation of others’

gendered behavior

– Siblings, peers, parents, schools, etc.

Evolutionary psychologists

Gender differences are caused addressing problems

in our evolutionary history

Gender intensification hypothesis:

– Psychological and behavioral differences

between boys and girls become greater during

early adolescence

Androgyny

The presence of a high degree of masculine

and feminine characteristics in the same individual

– Are regarded as more flexible and more

mentally healthy than one that takes either extreme

Gender-role transcendence

Recognizing an individual’s qualities on a

personal basis

– Masculinity, femininity, or androgyny is not recognized

Dependent care dilemma

The demands of providing resources and

making decisions for a child or dependent adult

– Stepping out for childbirth

Work-family conflict

The feeling of being pulled by incompatible

demands of one’s job and one’s family

Intimate Partner Violence

In the vast majority of heterosexual partner

abuse cases, men abuse women.

Intimate Partner Violence

Physical, psychological and sexual

violence perpetrated by individuals in a

present or past intimate relationship

– This definition includes same-sex and

dating relationships

Battered woman syndrome

A psychological disorder characterized by low self

esteem, depression, and learned helplessness

– Researchers questions it’s accuracy and usefulness –

May be displaying survival skills

– A form of posttraumatic stress disorder

Cancer

The second leading cause of death in the U.S.

Menopause

The transition of being unable to give birth to

children in women

Osteoporosis

A disease characterized by reduced bone density

Osteoarthritis

A disease marked by gradual onset and

progression of pain and disability in the joints

Midlife Crisis

The extent of a “crisis” is related to how well

they accept successes and mistakes

Trait

Any distinguishable and enduring way one individual

differs from others

Costa and McCrae

Drew on longitudinal and cross-sequential research

– Neuroticism, extraversion, and openness

– Later agreeableness and conscientiousness were

added

Openness

A person’s level of

curiosity and interest in

new experiences

•

Agreeableness

How easygoing and

helpful a person tends to

be

Conscientiousness

– A person’s tendencies

towards organization

and responsibility

Neuroticism

The degree to which a

person is moody,

anxious, and self-critical

Postformal Thought

A form of thought beyond formal thought

– Recognizes truth varies from situation to situation

– Solutions must be realistic to be reasonable

– Contradictions and ambiguity is normal

– Emotion and subjective factors affect thinking

Expertise

A form of crystallized intelligence

– Related to how they handle problems

Lifelong learning

The need to continue being active cognitively

– Adults need to know the purpose of learning

something new

– More motivated to learn for self-esteem and personal

satisfaction

Normative crisis model

• Personality development occurs as a result of universal age-

related crises

Life events model

• Suggests that events determine how personality develops

• Unique to each individual

Generativity

– Leaving a lasting contribution to the world

– Creative or artistic output

– Seeking a continuation of one's life through others

• Stagnation

– Focusing on the lack of one’s successes

– Feeling as though one’s contribution is limited

Peck’s Theory of Psychological

Development

Identified learning experiences integral to

successful adjustment

• Adulthood has four experiences:

– Socialization vs. sexualizing

– Wisdom vs. physical prowess

– Emotional flexibility vs. impoverishment

– Mental flexibility vs. rigidity

Emotional Intelligence

• The ability to recognize and

deal with one’s own

emotions and the emotions

of others

Social Intelligence

• Two different definitions

– The ability to understand and

manage men and women

– The ability to effectively

negotiate complex social

relationships and

environments

Primary Appraisal:

Assessment of the event’s significance and magnitude

Secondary Appraisal

– Assessment of one's abilities and resources

Tertiary appraisal/reappraisal

– Incorporate new information to understand the

situation

Primary control

– Behaviors directed at the

external environment

– Attempts to change the

world to fit one’s own

needs and desires

Secondary control

– Internal processes

– Tries to minimize losses,

maintain, and increase

existing levels of control

Institutional role

– A given status such as gender, occupation, or age

Informal role

A defined status that is not societally recognized

• Tenuous role

A status of not having a well-defined social role

Role transition:

Moving from one kind of role to another

• The greater the shift the more stress this causes

Life trajectory

• Focusing on a lifespan orientation of multiple role

changes

Sandwich Generation

• Another trend are middle-aged couples that are

obligated to satisfy the needs of their children

and aging parents

Empty-shell marriages

– Maintaining a relationship for economic stability,

children, or prestige

Autocratic Model

One-way communication

– Management dictates

what is to be done

Custodial Model

– Providing benefits that

makes employees feel

their needs are satisfied

– Increase satisfaction but

not productivity

Scientific Management

Model

Scientific analysis of the

most successful

employee

– Increase productivity

Human Relations Model

– Satisfying social needs

increases productivity

– Tends to be manipulate

and exploitative workers

Theory X

Views employees as not wanting to work

– Employee needs to control and threaten their workers

Theory Y

– Views workers as desiring to grow and develop

– Self-improvement is a powerful motivator

Theory Z

– Views workers as working best when they help make

decisions

– Emphasizes trust and establishing community

Management by Objectives

– Moving away from employee productivity

– Emphasize organizational goals

– Ensure that actions and groups achieve those

objectives

Total Quality Management

– Seeking and identifying ways to improve

– Places more emphasis on management

– Main objective is customer satisfaction