Osteology Lecture Final Excluding Teeth Terms and Directional Terms

What % organic material is bone?

70%

What is bone made of?

Protein (collagen) + mineral (hydroxyapatite)

What are bone-forming cells?

Osteoblasts

What are living bone cells?

Osteocytes

What are bone-resorbing cells?

Osteoclasts

What is reshaping of the bone?

Remodeling

What is spongey bone actually called?

Trabecular bone

What is compact bone actually called?

Cortical bone

What is compact bone covered in cartilage called?

Subchondral bone

What are two types of bone growth?

Intramembranous ossification and Endochondral ossification

What is shaft diameter enlargement called?

Appositional growth

What is the bone forming tissue layer called?

Growth (epiphyseal) plate

What is the end of a bone called?

Epiphysis

What is the shaft of a bone called?

Diaphysis

What is the inside of a bone called where bone marrow is stored?

Medullary cavity

What connects bone and muscle?

Tendon

What connects bone and bone

Ligaments

What are the four sources of skeletal variation?

Growth, Sex, Geographic differentiation, Idiosyncrasy

What the “big four” of biological profiles?

Age, sex, stature, ancestry estimation

What are the six methods of age estimation?

Dental eruption, epiphyseal closure, pubic symphysis, auricular surface, cranial suture closure, and dental wear

What are three cranial features used for sex estimation?

Mastoid Process, Gonial angle, mental eminence

What are three pelvic features used for sex estimation?

Sciatic notch, subpubic angle, subpubic concavity

What are four abiotic factors in taphonomy?

Sun exposure, fluvial processes, burning, erosion

What are three biotic factors in taphonomy?

Root etching, bioturbation, scavengers

What are localized bony alterations called?

Lesions

What is excessive deposition of bone called?

Proliferative lesions

What is loss of bone called?

Lytic lesions

What are changes in overall bone shape called?

Deformative lesions

What is an example of a degenerative joint disease?

Osteoarthritis

What are bony projections called?

Osteophytes

What results in dense and shiny bone?

Eburnation

What is lower than normal bone density called? (+ Less severe form)

Osteoporosis, osteopenia is less severe

What is porous enlargement of bone tissue called?

porotic hyperostosis

What is an example of porotic hyperostosis?

Cribra orbitalia

What results in osteoporosis and dental fragility?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

What is inadequate bone mineralization called in adults and children?

Osteomalacia, rickets

What is inward curve of the lower spine?

Lordosis

What is outward curve of the thoracic spine?

Kyphosis

What is lateral deviations from the sagittal plane in the spine?

Scoliosis

What is premature fusion of cranial sutures called?

Craniosynostosis

What is hydrocephaly?

Skull enlargement

What is heterotrophic ossification?

Ossification of soft tissues

What pathology primarily affects the vertebral column?

DISH

What are bone tumors called?

Neoplasms

What is infection of the bone called?

Osteomyelitis

What are three infectious diseases that affect the skeleton?

Tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis

What are four types of trauma?

High velocity, blunt, sharp, blast

Why is comparative osteology useful?

Seeing if bones are human, what animals are represented