4) social developments

the workers

1900: urban workers numbered 3 million

2.5% of population

working and living conditions

• grim conditions

• long hours- 11 hours a day

• high rate of accidents

• high disease

• 1980s: employment not stable/ secure

• some factories had dormitary accomidation: living conditions dirty/ unsanitary

• cities had poor sanitation and unhealthy

• 1911: stolypin talked of problems of typhus, smallpox and cholera

workers support and association

• informal organisations of workers rented communal appartments and would employ a women to cook

• museum of assistance to labour orgonised free lectures and discussions for workers

• 1897: 5.8% could read

• among skilled workers ¾ literate

changes in countryside

• small but growing class of prosperous peasants- buying or renting land, employing labour, had several animals and were farming

• growing divide between richest and poorest sections of peasanty

• urban factories were replacing old handicrafts and new technologies- railways, roads, the telegraph- moving closer to peasantry

• 1978-1911: number of primary schools quadrupled

primary schools in countryside

1911: half the children of school age (8-11) were enrolled in primary schools

1897: literacy rate 21%

1914: literacy rate 40%

migrants

• increase in migration in rural community

• peasants had been forced off theland by poverty, misfortune or their own mismanagement

• number og migrant workers at some 9 million

poverty and traditional life

• living standards remained low

• many died of diseases

• rememption payments

• indirect taxes: oils, matches and tobacco

• communal institutions remained string, embodying peasants notion og social justice, mir was appreciated by many peasants

• land shortage and hunger in the central regions

nobility

• personal land holdings declined

• 1880: nearly 1/5 of university professors from nobilitty

• 1882: more than 700 nobles owned business in moscow

• 2500 employed in commerce, transport, industry

• some in state service

• some in zemstva/ provincial governments

• nobles sold land

• 1861: owned 80% of land

• 1905:owned 40% of land

• made inome from military/ civil service

• 1897: 1000 of highest ranking civil servants were nobles

• some investors in lands,bonds, shares in new companies

industry, business and commerce

• 2000 innovative and successful entrepeneurs

• after 1908: some took positions in the du,a, representing a wide spread of political opinion

• 1906: assosication of industry and trade formed and had considerable political influence

the professions

• 1914: 1 million professionals

• 1892: first all russian teachers congress met

• 1881: pirogoc medical society set up

• femal teachers, doctors and architects working for zemstvo

• 1905: university co-education was won

• 1908:first all russian congress of women held in st petersburg

number od doctors

1897: 17,000

1914:28,000

number of teachers

1906-14: doubled to over 20,000

number of veterniary surgeons

1914:5,000

number of agronmists

4,000 qualified agronomists

volunatary organisations and assosciations

• 1912: moscow there were over 600

• imperial economic society debated the great issues of industrialisation

• others involved with leisure: new tech bicycles and motor cars

• state could not control them