Biology

Movement

ability to move a part or all of the organism

Respiration

chemical reaction to release energy

Sensitivity

the ability to react to an external stimulus

Homeostasis

the ability to regulate the organism’s internal conditions

Growth

the ability to grow and increase in size or mass

Reproduction

the ability to reproduce to make offspring

Excretion

the ability to release waste products

Nutrition

the ability to feed

Nucleus

where DNA is stored as chromosomes - controls activities of cells

Cell wall

freely permeable layer with rigid structure that supports and strengthens cell

Cell membrane

selectively permeable layer of lipid molecules that controls which substances can enter and leave the cell

Cytoplasm

fluid that is the location of many chemical reactions and anaerobic respiration

Mitochondria

where aerobic respiration occurs and most of the cell’s ATP is produced

Chloroplasts

where photosynthesis occurs and sugar is produced

Vacuole

contains cell sap - used for water storage and maintainance of turgor within the cell

Ribosomes

where protein synthesis occurs

Plasmids

circular DNA molecules that contain genes that help cell to function

Organelle

structures within cells e.g. nucleus, chloroplast

Cell

unit that makes up a living organism

Tissue

collection of cells with similar structure and function e.g. muscle

Organ

collection of tissues that work together to perform a particular function e.g. brain, kidney

Organ System

several organs working together e.g. digestive, reproductive

Organism

a living thing that has all the functions of MRS H GREN

Eukaryotic cell

complex cell that possesses a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Prokaryote

simple, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Pathogen

microorganism that has the potential to cause disease

Plant

multicellular organism that contains chloroplasts and is able to carry out photosynthesis

Animal

multicellular organism that usually has nervous coordination and is able to move

Fungi

organisms that are unable to carry out photosynthesis and the body is usually organised into a mycelium. some are unicellular; others are not

Bacteria

microscopic single-celled organisms who can sometimes carry out photosynthesis but mostly feed off other organisms

Protoctists

microscopic single-celled organisms that can have the properties of animal or plant cells

Virus

smaller particles that are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells

Stem cells

unspecialised cells thata can divide many times by mitosis

Differentiation

the process by which stem cells become specialised - different genes are activated to develop different organelles which make different cells

Embryonic stem cell

can differentiate into any specialised cell

Adult stem cell

can only different into certain cell types (e.g. stem cells from bone marrow produce red and white blood cells)

Stem cell therapy

use of stem cells to repair damaged tissue to prevent disease

Image size

Actual size x Magnification

Meristem

region of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division. They make unspecialised cells that have the potential to become any type of specialised cell

nervous coordination

ability to respond rapidly to changes in environment

mycelium

thread‑like network of fungal cells that grows underground and absorbs nutrients

hyphae

thread‑like fungal filaments made of cells that each contain one or more nuclei

saprotrophic nutrition

excreting extracellular enzymes into the area outside their body to dissolve their food, so they can absorb the nutrients

Photosynthesis

metabolic reaction that produces glucose using sunlight in plants

Chlorophyll

green pigment that allows plants to trap sunlight

turgid

A cell full of water and swollen

flaccid

A cell that has lost water and gone limp

waxy cuticle

repels water to prevent the weight damaging the plant and prevent too much water getting into leaf

Upper epidermis

transparet - allows sunlight to reach palisade cells, contains few/no stomata

palisade mesophyll

packed with chloroplasts for photosynthesis

spongy mesophyll

air spaces enable gasses to diffuse in and out of cell (cells require less chloroplasts; further away from sun)

Lower epidermis

contains guard cells

Guard cells

control the opening and closing of the stomata

Stomata

small pores that allow gas exchange

diffusion

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

plasma

liquid part of blood that carries the blood cells around the body made of mainly water and partly salt

white blood cell

cell created in bone marrow to destroy microorganisms, produce antibodies and give immunity

red blood cell

(erythrocyte) to transport oxygen via haemoglobin

platelets

cell fragments that release chemicals to make blood clot

heart septum

separates left and right sides of the heart; separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, making the heart efficient

pulmonary

to do with lungs

hepatic

to do with liver

renal

to do with kidneys

single circulatory system

blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ and then directly to the rest of the body

double circulatory system

blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ, back to the heart and then to the rest of the body so higher pressures can be maintained and blood travels quicker to organs

oxygen debt

the volume of oxygen needed to completely oxidise the lactate that builds up during anaerobic respiration

arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the organs of the body

veins

carry deoxygenated blood from organs back towards the heart

capillaries

carry blood through organs, bringing the blood close to every cell in the organ

coronary artery

how blood reaches the cardiac muscle and it carries blood to capillaries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients

coronary vein

returns blood to the right atrium

phagocytes

perform phagocytosis (ingest microorganisms)

lymphocytes

produce antibodies which stick to surface antigens and destroy the pathogen

primary immune response

the production of antibodies following the first exposure to a foreign antigen

immunity

when the pathogen is quickly dealt with due to memory cells reproducin and producing antibodies

memory cells

lymphocytes that do not immediately get involved in killing microorganisms

fibrinogen

soluble plasma protein

fibrin

insoluble fibres that trap RBCs

secondary immune response

faster and more effective response where the number of antibodies in the blood quickly rises, killing microorganisms before there are enough to cause disease

phagocytosis

phagocytes ingesting microorganisms

pseudopodia

extensions of phagocyte cytoplasm to enclose microorganisms

antigens

chemical markers on the surfaces of pathogens

cardiac muscle

can contract and relax continuously without becoming fatigued; has its own blood supply (coronary blood vessels)

valves

to prevent the backflow of blood

Lumen

artificial immunity

becoming immune to a disease without actually contracting the disease

Diet

everything you consume

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in your body

digestion

the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food which converts large insoluble moleculess into small soluble molecules which can be absorbed into the blood

ingestion

taking food into the body through the mouth

physical digestion

the physical break down of food into smaller pieces (e.g. chewing)

chemical digestion

the conversion of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules by enzymes

egestion

removal of faeces from the body

peristalsis

contractions of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the intestines and oesophagus that push food around

absorption

the uptake of small soluble molecules into the blood

assimilation

use of absorbed molecules to build new parts of cells

balanced diet

a diet that provides all of the food groups in the correct proportions

dietary deficiency

when you don’t have enough of something in your diet

mouth

chews food + enzymes in saliva break down food

oesophagus

pushes food down to stomach using peristalsis