BIOL 101-3 part 2

the urinary system consists of… 34

two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder and one urethra

the largest, most complex organs of the urinary system 35

kidneys

why is the right kidney lower than the left 35

because the liver occupies considerable space on the right side superior to the kidney

internal anatomy of the kidney: superficial, light red region 36

renal cortex

internal anatomy of the kidneys: deep, darker reddish-brown inner region 36

renal medulla (inner portion)

toward, supply nephron units with unfilteres blood at the glomerulus 37

afferent arterioles

out, arteries that carry filtered blood out of the glomerulus 37

efferent arterioles

what are the most fuctional unit of the kidneys 38

nephrons

the nephrons consits of two parts 38

1. renal corpusule

2. renal tubule

renal corpuscle( tiny body) made up of two parts 38

1. glomerulus (capilarry network)

   1. glomerulus capsule or bowman’s capsule

renal tubule- made up of three parts 38

1. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

2. nephron loop (loop of henle)

3. distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

urine from the renal pelvis of the kidney to the urinary bladder 39

each two of the ureters transport

hollow, distensible muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis 40

the urinary bladder

small tube leading from the internal urethral orifice in the floor of the urinary bladder to teh exterior of the body 41

urethra

terminal portion of the urinary system 41

urethra

What is the main fuction of the kidney? 44

to filter blood plasma

fuction to transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder 45

ureters

method of transportation 45 URETES

1. peristaltic contractions of the muscular walls of the ureters

2. hydrostatic pressure

3. gravity

commonly known as urination or voiding 45

micnutrition

bile pigment derived from breakdown of hemoglobin 46

urobilinogen

the presence of a third, small, rudimentary kidney 47

supernumerary kidney

a kidney that is developed less than normal in size but contains normal nephrons 47

hypoplasia

overdeveloped kidney 47

hyperplasia

incomplete or excessive rotation of the kidneys 47

malrotation

a kidney that is out of its normal position 47

extopic kidney

most asymptomatic. kidney is often located in a pelvic or sacral location 47

ectopic kidney

most common of all bacterial infections 48

UTI’s

bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis 48

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the bladder 49

cystitis

more prevalent in women because of the short urethra allows bacteria easier access to the bladder 49

cystitis

backward flow of urine out of bladder 49

vesicoureteral reflux

part of the neuron system that controlls bladder not working properly 49

neurogenic bladder

intimal thickening of predominantly small vessels of the kidney 50

nephrosclerosis

stones that develop from urine 50

renal calculi

renal calculi from urine is… 50

calcifications

how does a renal calculi forms? 50

excessive intake of calcium, chronic UTI

denocarcinoma (hypernephroma) 51

renal carcinoma

renal carcinoma: adenocarcinoma 51

a malignant tumore that arises from the proximal convoluted tubule wha

what is the most common tumor of the kidneys 51

renal carcinoma: adenocarcinoma

tends to metastasize early from the kidneys: 51

renal carcinoma:adenocarcinoma

what are the most common sites of renal carcinoma 51

lungs, brain, liver, and bone

what kind of xray is important to obtain as soon as knwing a patient has adenocarcinoma? 51

a chest radiograph

small tumor located in the area of the trigone 51

bladder carcinoma

blood in the urine 51

hematuria

sings and symptoms of bladder carcinoma 51

hematuria

gonads: ovaries for…., testes for … 52

females, males

formation and development of the ovum 53

oogenesis

the rupture of a mature ovum from the ovary 53

ovulation

site of menstruation, implantation of fertilized ovum, and storage area for the developing fetus until delivery 55

uterus

the outer layer that surrounds the uterus and covers the myometrium 55

perimetrium

the inner layer of muscle that contracts during delivery to expel the fetus from the uterus 55

myometrium

the innermost layer of tissue that serves as the site of implantation of the fertilized ovum and is also the layer that sheds during menstrual flow 55

endometrium

superior portion of the uterus and is the level at which the uterine tubes attach to the uterus laterally 56

fundus

middle portion of the uterus 56

body

inferior portion of the uterus that serves as the opening to the uterus from the vaginal canal 56

cervix

process by which sperm is produced 58

spermatogenesis

are tightly coiled ducts located within the testes where sperm are produced 58

seminiferous tubules

process usually takes about 65 to 75 days for completion 58

spermatogenesis

once spermatogenesis is complete sperm cells will each have only… 58

23 chromosomes instead of 46

comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis 59

epididymis

the sperm is stored here until they reach maturity which is about 10 to 14 days. 59

epididymis

shared by the reproductive and urinary systems because it serves as a passageway for semen and urine to exit the body 59

urethra

a single, doughnut-shaped gand about the size of a golf ball 59

prostate

is a bacterial infection of the female genital system specifically the fallopian tubes 61

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

the inflammation of the breast 61

mastitis

the most common malignancy involving the uterus 61

adenocarcinoma

development of the embryo outside the uterine cavity 64

ectopic pregnancy

when is the most common site for ectopic pregnancy 64

uterine tube, ovary, cervix, and abdominal cavity

adenocarcinoma of the prostate is a common cancer in men, mostly affecting the elderly 65

carcinoma of the prostate

a hard, enlarge prostate gland on rectal examination 65

carcinoma of the prostate

severe pain and swelling when a testicle twists on itself 65

torsion