M6: Microbiology, Parasitology, and Public Health - Virology - Part 3.2 - RNA Virus

Viruses maintained in nature by direct intraspecies or interspecies transmission from rodent to rodent without participation of arthropod vectors wherein transmission occurs by contact with body fluids or secretions.

a. PICORNAVIRUS

b. REOVIRUS

c. CALICIVIRUS

d. ARBOVIRUS

e. RODENT-BORNE VIRUS

e. RODENT-BORNE VIRUS

RODENT-BORNE VIRUS

I. Hantavirus

II. Arenavirus

III. Filovirus

a. I, II, III

b. I, II

c. I, III

d. II, III

e. I

a. I, II, III

A member of the Bunya virus that causes two serious and often fatal human diseases including Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).

a. Hantavirus

b. Arenavirus

c. Filovirus

a. Hantavirus

True about Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) except:

a. An acute infection causing interstitial nephritis that can lead to acute renal insufficiency and renal failure

b. Transmitted by urban rats like Apodemus agrarius (in Korea)

c. Treated using supportive therapy and prevented by rodent control.

d. Viruses causing HFRS include Hantaan virus and Dobrava virus (Asia and Europe), and Seoul virus (Eurasia).

e. None

e. None

Viruses causing HFRS.

a. Hantaan virus

b. Dobrava virus

c. Seoul virus

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

A disease that begins with fever, HA and myalgia followed by rapidly progressing pulmonary edema that leads to a severe respiratory compromise.

a. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

b. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

b. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is treated by maintenance of adequate oxygenation and support of hemodynamic function and antiviral drug

a. Acyclovir

b. Ritonavir

c. Erlotinib

d. Ribavirin

e. Oseltamivir

d. Ribavirin

Viruses that causes Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) except:

a. Sin Nombre virus (North America)

b. New York virus, Black Creek Canal virus, Bayou virus (US)

c. Andes virus (Argentina and Chile)

d. Choclo virus (Panama)

e. None

e. None

Means "sand" and refers to granules in the virion surface that are nonfunctional ribosomes. It establish chronic infections in rodents (species-specific) and human transmission is by contact with rodent excreta.

a. Hantavirus

b. Arenavirus

c. Filovirus

b. Arenavirus

Causes Lassa fever, south American hemorrhagic fevers and lymphocytic choriomeningitis.

a. Hantavirus

b. Arenavirus

c. Filovirus

b. Arenavirus

Arenavirus.

I. Lassa Virus

II. Junin Virus

III. Machupo Virus

IV. Guanarito Virus

V. Sabia Virus

VI. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

a. I, II, III, IV, V, VI

b. I, II, III, IV, V

c. II, III, IV, V, VI

d. I, IV, V, VI

e. I, II, III, VI

a. I, II, III, IV, V, VI

Causes “Lassa fever” which is a severe and fatal form of hemorrhagic fever affecting multiple organs and first seen in 1969 in the Nigerian town of Lassa with the house rat (Mastomys natalensis) as it reservoir.

a. Lassa Virus

b. Junin Virus

c. Machupo Virus

d. Guanarito Virus

e. Sabia Virus

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

a. Lassa Virus

Common virus that use house rat or Mastomys natalensis as it reservoir.

a. Lassa Virus

b. Junin Virus

c. Machupo Virus

d. Guanarito Virus

e. Sabia Virus

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

a. Lassa Virus

DOC for Lassa virus.

a. Acyclovir

b. Ritonavir

c. Erlotinib

d. Ribavirin

e. Oseltamivir

d. Ribavirin - most effective when given early in the disease process

Occurs exclusively among workers in maize and wheat fields who are exposed to the reservoir rodent, Calomys musculinus which causes “Junin hemorrhagic fever” in Argentina.

a. Lassa Virus

b. Junin Virus

c. Machupo Virus

d. Guanarito Virus

e. Sabia Virus

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

b. Junin Virus

Rodent host is Calomys callosus and causes “Machupo hemorrhagic fever” in Bolivia.

a. Lassa Virus

b. Junin Virus

c. Machupo Virus

d. Guanarito Virus

e. Sabia Virus

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

c. Machupo Virus

Causes "Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever."

a. Lassa Virus

b. Junin Virus

c. Machupo Virus

d. Guanarito Virus

e. Sabia Virus

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

d. Guanarito Virus

Causes a fatal hemorrhagic fever in Brazil.

a. Lassa Virus

b. Junin Virus

c. Machupo Virus

d. Guanarito Virus

e. Sabia Virus

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

e. Sabia Virus

Causes lymphocytic choriomeningitis, an acute disease manifested by aseptic meningitis or a mild influenza-like illness, and can infect mice, hamster, and humans (via mouse droppings).

a. Lassa Virus

b. Junin Virus

c. Machupo Virus

d. Guanarito Virus

e. Sabia Virus

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

Natural vector is house mouse, Mus musculus.

a. Lassa Virus

b. Junin Virus

c. Machupo Virus

d. Guanarito Virus

e. Sabia Virus

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

f. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

Viruses with high mortality rates (25-90%) of all viral hemorrhagic fevers.

a. Hantavirus

b. Arenavirus

c. Filovirus

c. Filovirus

Filovirus.

I. Marburg Virus

II. Ebola Virus

III. Ebola Reston Virus

a. I, II, III

b. I, II

c. I, III

d. II, III

e. I

a. I, II, III

Causes hemorrhagic fever and first recognized as a cause of human disease in 1967 in Germany and Russia due to exposure to African green monkeys “Cercopithecus aethiops” from Uganda.

a. Marburg Virus

b. Ebola Virus

c. Ebola Reston Virus

a. Marburg Virus

Named for the river in Zaire that was the site of outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in 1976.

a. Marburg Virus

b. Ebola Virus

c. Ebola Reston Virus

b. Ebola Virus

Causes severe disease in humans and in non-human primates with 100% mortality (7 to 8 days) and transmitted through contact with patients' blood or secretions.

a. Marburg Virus

b. Ebola Virus

c. Ebola Reston Virus

b. Ebola Virus

1) Detected in 1989 from cynomolgus monkeys (Macara fascicularis) from the Philippines.

2) Infected 149 workers but did not became sick due to low pathogenicity for humans.

3) In 2008 it was found to have a high mortality rate among pigs in the Philippines, 5 humans became infected but remained healthy

a. Marburg Virus

b. Ebola Virus

c. Ebola Reston Virus

c. Ebola Reston Virus

Specific Filovirus in the Philippines which did not cause severe sickness due to low pathogenicity for Filipinos.

a. Marburg Virus

b. Ebola Virus

c. Ebola Reston Virus

d. Bundibugyo virus

c. Ebola Reston Virus

Filovirus except:

a. "Filo" means "thread" and refers to their long filaments.

b. Highly virulent viruses causing hemorrhagic fevers that usually ends in death.

c. Viruses with high mortality rates (25-90%) of all viral hemorrhagic fevers •

d. No known natural reservoir

e. Have a tropism for cells of the macrophage system, dendritic cells, interstitial fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.

f. None

f. None

Include Influenza virus.

a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

b. PARAMYXOVIRUS

c. CORONAVIRUS

d. RHABDOVIRUS

e. RETROVIRUS

a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

a. "Myxo" refers to their affinity for mucins and "ortho" is added to distinguish them from the paramyxoviruses

b. Spread through air-borne transmission

c. Viruses deposit in lower respiratory tract, their primary site is the tracheobronchial mucosa

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Influenza virus.

a. Contains two antigens: HA (Hemagglutinin active antigen) and NA (Neuraminidase active antigen)

b. Causes two types of antigenic changes: Antigenic shift and Antigenic drift

c. Causes Influenza, Pneumonia, and Reye's syndrome

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Influenza virus antigens:

Necessary for viral absorption into the cell, binds with sialic acid found in CM of RBC to initiate the infection.

a. HA (Hemagglutinin active antigen)

b. NA (Neuraminidase active antigen)

a. HA (Hemagglutinin active antigen)

Influenza virus antigens:

Hydrolyzes neuraminic acid, important component of mucin, enhances the ability of the virus to infect the respiratory epithelium.

a. HA (Hemagglutinin active antigen)

b. NA (Neuraminidase active antigen)

b. NA (Neuraminidase active antigen)

Influenza virus antigenic change:

Major changes based on the reassortment of segments of its RNA, leads to pandemic disease.

a. Antigenic shift

b. Antigenic drift

a. Antigenic shift

Influenza virus antigenic change:

Minor changes based on mutations on the RNA, leads to endemic disease.

a. Antigenic shift

b. Antigenic drift

b. Antigenic drift

Classic influenza.

a. Influenza Type A

b. Influenza Type B

c. Influenza Type C

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. a and b

Influenza in humans only.

a. Influenza Type A

b. Influenza Type B

c. Influenza Type C

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

b. Influenza Type B

Common cold illness

a. Influenza Type A

b. Influenza Type B

c. Influenza Type C

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

c. Influenza Type C

Cough and Croup in children

a. Influenza Type A

b. Influenza Type B

c. Influenza Type C

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

a. Influenza Type A

Acute encephalopathy in children and adolescents (2 to 16 years of age); a complication with Influenza types A and B and VZV, occurring after use of salicylates.

a. Influenza

b. Pneumonia

c. Reye's syndrome

c. Reye's syndrome

Major respiratory pathogens among infants and young children which is related to orthomyxoviruses due to their spikes.

a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

b. PARAMYXOVIRUS

c. CORONAVIRUS

d. RHABDOVIRUS

e. RETROVIRUS

b. PARAMYXOVIRUS

PARAMYXOVIRUS

I. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

II. Parainfluenza virus

III. Mumps virus

IV. Measles virus

a. I, II, III, IV

b. I, II, III

c. II, III, IV

d. I, II

e. III, IV

a. I, II, III, IV

Most important and the number one cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children wherein reinfection is common and appears as a common cold.

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

It can also cause pneumonia, otitis media and recurrent episodes of wheezing illness (bronchiolitis)

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Paramyxovirus that causes Newcastle disease, affects birds/poultry, and presents as nervous and respiratory signs and symptoms.

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

e. Avulavirus

e. Avulavirus

Avulavirus form that is highly virulent.

a. Velogenic

b. Mesogenic

c. Lentogenic

a. Velogenic

Avulavirus form that has intermediate virulence.

a. Velogenic

b. Mesogenic

c. Lentogenic

b. Mesogenic

Avulavirus form that is least to non-virulent.

a. Velogenic

b. Mesogenic

c. Lentogenic

c. Lentogenic

3rd leading cause of LRTI and URTI in children and adults including rhinitis and pharyngitis, laryngotracheitis, croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis), bronchiolitis, pneumonia.

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

b. Parainfluenza virus

Its most common complication is otitis media.

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

b. Parainfluenza virus

Causes croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) which manifested as barking cough usually at night.

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

b. Parainfluenza virus

Treatment of parainfluenza virus.

a. Tenofovir

b. B2 agonist

c. Oxymetazoline

d. Epinephrine

d. Epinephrine

Acute contagious disease characterized by non suppurative enlargement of one or both salivary glands and is also affects the parotid glands and prostate glands in males.

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

c. Mumps virus

For mumps virus, the old practice is to apply gentian violet dissolved in vinegar to produce a cooling effect and for prevention, MMR vaccine is given.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Also known as "rubeola virus" which is an acute, highly infectious disease characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, and a maculopapular rash (Kopliks spots) which are white ulcerative lesions at the buccal mucosa but also affecting the head, body and down the extremities.

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

d. Measles virus

Causes rubeola or the 1st disease:

a. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

b. Parainfluenza virus

c. Mumps virus

d. Measles virus

d. Measles virus

Measles virus usually ends up with complications like symptomatic encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and stillbirths and prevention is by MMR Vaccine.

a. True

b. False

a. True

MMR vaccine is given during outbreak at:

a. 3rd month

b. 6th month

c. 9th month

d. 12th month

b. 6 month

Without outbreak, MMR vaccine is given at:

a. 3rd month

b. 6th month

c. 9th month

d. 12th month

c. 9th month

Causes German measles.

a. Rubeola virus

b. Rubella virus

c. Human Metaphneumovirus

b. Rubella virus

Rubella virus.

a. Causes German measles or 3-day measles.

b. An acute febrile illness characterized by a rash and lymphadenopathy affecting children and young adults, mildest of common viral exanthems.

c. Infection during early pregnancy may result in serious complications like congenital rubella syndrome and mental retardation.

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Mildest of common viral exanthems.

a. Rubeola virus

b. Rubella virus

c. Human Metaphneumovirus

b. Rubella virus

Specifically characterized by Forchheimer spots which are small spots in the soft palate.

a. Rubeola virus

b. Rubella virus

c. Human Metaphneumovirus

b. Rubella virus - German measles

Congenital Rubella syndrome include:

a. Cataract

b. Cardiac defect

c. Congenital deafness

d. a and b

e. All

e. All

A respiratory pathogen which can cause mild upper respiratory symptoms to severe lower respiratory symptoms among patients who have negative test results for known respiratory viruses and was first described in 2001.

a. Rubeola virus

b. Rubella virus

c. Human Metaphneumovirus

c. Human Metaphneumovirus

Has permanent halo of spikes protruding from the envelope and cause of common colds, lower respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis in infants.

a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

b. PARAMYXOVIRUS

c. CORONAVIRUS

d. RHABDOVIRUS

e. RETROVIRUS

c. CORONAVIRUS

Zoonotic CORONAVIRUSES.

a. MERS-CoV

b. SARS-CoV1

c. SARS-CoV2

d. a and b

e. All

e. All

Specific cause of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.

a. MERS-CoV

b. SARS-CoV1

c. SARS-CoV2

c. SARS-CoV2

DOH classification of COVID-19 except

a. Not COVID-19 Case

b. Suspect

c. Probable

d. Confirmed

e. None

e. None

Viral vector COVID-19 vaccine that uses a harmless virus which is altered to contain part of COVID-19's genetic code.

I. AstraZeneca

II. Sputnik V

III. J and J

IV. Pfizer

V. Moderna

VI. Sinopharm

VII. Sinovac

VIII. Bharat

IX. Novovax

a. I, II, III

b. IV, V

c. VI, VII, VIII

d. IX

e. I, II, V

a. I, II, III

AstraZeneca

Sputnik V

J&J

mRNA (nucleic acid) COVID-19 vaccine that contain synthetic version of part of COVID-19 virus genetic code specifically mRNA.

I. AstraZeneca

II. Sputnik V

III. J and J

IV. Pfizer

V. Moderna

VI. Sinopharm

VII. Sinovac

VIII. Bharat

IX. Novovax

a. I, II, III

b. IV, V

c. VI, VII, VIII

d. IX

e. I, II, V

b. IV, V

Pfizer

Moderna

Whole virus COVID-19 vaccine that contain a weakened or inactivated version of the COVID-19 virus.

I. AstraZeneca

II. Sputnik V

III. J and J

IV. Pfizer

V. Moderna

VI. Sinopharm

VII. Sinovac

VIII. Bharat

IX. Novovax

a. I, II, III

b. IV, V

c. VI, VII, VIII

d. IX

e. I, II, V

c. VI, VII, VIII

Sinopharm

Sinovac

Bharat

A protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine that uses pieces of the COVID-19 virus sometimes fragments of the spike protein.

I. AstraZeneca

II. Sputnik V

III. J and J

IV. Pfizer

V. Moderna

VI. Sinopharm

VII. Sinovac

VIII. Bharat

IX. Novovax

a. I, II, III

b. IV, V

c. VI, VII, VIII

d. IX

e. I, II, V

d. IX

Novovax

Drugs that showed little or no effect on COVID-19 hospitalized patient except:

a. Lopinavir + Ritonavir

b. Hydroxychloroquine

c. Azithromycin

d. Convalescent plasma

e. Aspirin, Colchicine

f. None of these

f. None of these

Drugs that can reduce the mortality of COVID-19 hospitalized patient.

a. Low dose Dexamethasone

b. Tocilizumab

c. Regeneron's antibody cocktail

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Regeneron's antibody cocktail include:

a. Tocilizumab

b. Casirivimab

c. Imdevimab

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

e. b and c

Regen-COV2

a. Tocilizumab

b. Casirivimab

c. Imdevimab

d. Remdesivir

c. Imdevimab

A novel coronavirus that originated in a nonhuman was identified and caused a worldwide outbreak of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003.

a. True

b. False

a. True

A bullet-shaped virus that causes rabies which is an acute infection of the CNS that is almost always fatal.

a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

b. PARAMYXOVIRUS

c. CORONAVIRUS

d. RHABDOVIRUS

e. RETROVIRUS

d. RHABDOVIRUS

Transmitted to humans from the bite of a rabid animal and common reservoirs are dogs, bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes.

a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

b. PARAMYXOVIRUS

c. CORONAVIRUS

d. RHABDOVIRUS

e. RETROVIRUS

d. RHABDOVIRUS

Phases or Rabies:

Usually lasts for 2 to 10 days showing symptoms of malaise, anorexia, HA, photophobia, N and V, sore throat and fever, abnormal sensation in wound bite.

a. Prodromal Phase

b. Neurologic Phase

c. Coma Phase

a. Prodromal Phase

Phases or Rabies:

Lasts for 2 to 7 days showing CNS dysfunctions like nervousness, apprehension, hallucinations and bizarre behaviors, general sympathetic activity, hydrophobia, aerophobia, swallowing precipitates a painful spasm of the throat muscles.

a. Prodromal Phase

b. Neurologic Phase

c. Coma Phase

b. Neurologic Phase

Phases or Rabies:

Convulsive seizures, coma and death

a. Prodromal Phase

b. Neurologic Phase

c. Coma Phase

c. Coma Phase

Rabies virus contact:

• Touching/feeding animals, lick on intact skin.

• No post exposure prophylaxis

a. Category I

b. Category II

c. Category III

a. Category I

Rabies virus contact:

• Nibbling or minor scratches without bleeding.

• Rabies vaccine is required

a. Category I

b. Category II

c. Category III

b. Category II

Rabies virus contact:

• Bites or scratches with bleeding, licks on broken skin.

• Rabies vaccine + IgG antibodies is required

a. Category I

b. Category II

c. Category III

c. Category III

Contain reverse transcriptase and RNA-directed DNA polymerase and cause tumors of the reticuloendothelial and hematopoietic systems (leukemia, lymphoma) or of connective tissue (sarcoma).

a. ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

b. PARAMYXOVIRUS

c. CORONAVIRUS

d. RHABDOVIRUS

e. RETROVIRUS

e. RETROVIRUS

RETROVIRUS.

I. Human T-Lymphotropic virus

II. Human Immunodeficiency virus

a. I, II

b. I

c. II

a. I, II

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus.

a. Exist in humans and have a tropism for matured T-cells.

b. Causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia lymphomas (ATL)

c. Associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), characterized by progressive weakness of the legs and lower body.

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia lymphomas (ATL).

a. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus

b. Human Immunodeficiency Virus

a. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus

Associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), characterized by progressive weakness of the legs and lower body.

a. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus

b. Human Immunodeficiency Virus

a. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus

True about Human Immunodeficiency Virus except:

a. Derived from a primate lentivirus common in Africa

b. Includes HIV-1 and HIV-2

c. Transmitted during sexual contact, parenteral exposure to contaminated blood or blood products, and from mother to child during perinatal period

d. Once infected, individuals remain infected for life

e. None

e. None

HIV virulent factor that is fusion protein.

a. gp41

b. gp120

c. Reverse transcriptase

d. Integrase

e. Protease

a. gp41

HIV virulent factor that is attachment protein.

a. gp41

b. gp120

c. Reverse transcriptase

d. Integrase

e. Protease

b. gp120

HIV virulent factor that coverts RNA to DNA.

a. gp41

b. gp120

c. Reverse transcriptase

d. Integrase

e. Protease

c. Reverse transcriptase

HIV virulent factor that incorporates viral DNA to host DNA.

a. gp41

b. gp120

c. Reverse transcriptase

d. Integrase

e. Protease

d. Integrase

HIV virulent factor that cleaves newly synthesized HIV proteins to activate them.

a. gp41

b. gp120

c. Reverse transcriptase

d. Integrase

e. Protease

e. Protease

HIV infection stage including flu like symptoms which is only self limiting.

a. Acute HIV syndrome

b. Latent HIV

c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

a. Acute HIV syndrome

HIV infection stage which is asymptomatic but CD4 count is slowly declining. Can last for 10 years.

a. Acute HIV syndrome

b. Latent HIV

c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

b. Latent HIV

Final stage of HIV infection which already include opportunistic infection and AIDS-defining illness.

a. Acute HIV syndrome

b. Latent HIV

c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome