Alcohols
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21 Terms
What are alcohols
a homologous series with an OH functional group and general formula CnH2n+1OH
How are alcohols classified
primary = OH attached to 1 carbon
Secondary = OH attached to a carbon bonded to another carbon
Tertiary = OH attached to a carbon bonded to 2 other carbons
Determines reactions, conditions and reactants
What is an organic compound with 2 OH group
Diols e.g. pentane-1,3-diol
What is the shape of the COH bond in alcohols
Non linear as the oxygen has 2 lone pairs and so has bond angle of 104.5
What can the COH do as a result of being non linear
Forms hydrogen bond with other alcohols or with water
What IMFs do alcohols have
London
Permanent dipole dipole
hydrogen
Why do alcohols have a high BP
Hydrogen bonds are relatively strong and require more energy to overcome
Why are alcohols very soluble if shorter chain
It can form hydrogen bonds with water due to OH group
Why are alcohols less soluble if longer chain
Longer chains have have stronger London forces due to more surface contact so harder to break
What is formed when alcohols combust
Forms CO2 and H2O
CH3CH2OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
What is formed when alcohols is heated with a H+ catalyst
Elimination reaction which removes water and forming an alkene
What happens when longer chains undergo an elimination reaction
A mixture of alkenes formed
What is within the combination of alkenes formed in elimination
A structural isomer and 2 stereoisomers
What is the reagent required for oxidation
Cr2O7²- / H+
What can the oxidising agent be represented by
[O]
What is the colour change happened during oxidation
It will go from orange to green
When is an aldehyde formed during oxidation
Distillation of a primary alcohol which also forms water
When is a carboxylic acid formed during oxidation
Reflux of a primary alcohol or an aldehyde
When is a ketone formed during oxidation
When a secondary alcohol is refluxed and also forms a water
What happens when a tertiary alcohol is oxidised
No reaction
What reagents are needed for nucleophilic substitution
H2SO4 and KBr / NaBr