Psychology: Themes and Variations (Weiten, 10th Edition) - Chapter 9 (9.1-6)

What is motivation?

Goal-directed behavior.

What is the drive theory?

Something internally is pushing you to do something on the outside.

What is the incentive theory?

Something on the outside pulling you to do something ("shiny object").

What is Freud's idea about motivation?

That is controlled by "Eros" and "Thanatos" (love and aggression).

What is Hull's idea about motivation?

That we are motivated by a drive to maintain homeostasis.

What is the evolutionary perspective about motivation?

That it is evolutionarily advantageous because it drives us to survive and reproduce.

What are examples of biological motives?

Hunger

Thirst

Sex

Temperature

Excretion

Sleep

Activity/ Arousal

Aggression

What are examples of social motives?

Achievement

Affiliation

Autonomy

Nurturance

Dominance

Exhibition

Order

Play

What are biological motives for eating?

Brain regulation, glucose levels, vagus and other nerves in stomach, and hormones (insulin, CCK, ghrelin, leptin - to AN and PVN)

What are environmental motives for eating?

Food availability, palatability, quantity, variety, social factors presence of others, and learned preferences.

What is the difference between ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph?

Ectomorph- naturally skinny

Endomorph - naturally bigger

Mesomorph - naturally muscular

What did Schachter say about people who are overweight?

He found that people who tend to overeat are more sensitive to external cues.

What is set point theory?

Even if we try to change our bodies natural size, we won't go wildly outside of the range of our typical body weight.

What is parental investment theory?

That males seek more sexual partners to increase chance of reproductive success while females are more selective of sexual partners to increase chance of reproductive success

What are Masters and Johnson's phases of human sexual response?

Excitement

Plateau

Orgasm

Resolution

What are biological factors in the motivation of human sexual response?

The phases of human sexual response and gender differences.

What are the components of emotional experience?

Cognitive, physiological, and behavioral.

What is the cognitive component of emotional experience?

Being able to put words to your emotions.

What is the physiological component of emotional experience?

When you feel certain things physically when you experience an emotion.

What is the behavioral component of emotional experience?

The things you do to show emotions.

What are emotions?

Cognitive experience of feelings.

What is global emotion?

Whether you feel good or bad about something?

What are the different levels of emotions?

Good/bad

Mad/sad/glad/scared

"Bittersweet" - mixed emotions

Alexithymia

Emotional Intelligence

What is alexithymia?

"No words for feelings"

What did Daniel Goleman come up with?

Emotional intelligence, the ability to recognize and understand (and manipulate) the emotions of others.

What are mirror neurons and where are they located?

They control empathy (hear sad story, get sad) and are located just in front of the motor cortex.

Where is the seat of emotions in the brain?

The limbic system.

What does the amygdala control?

Fear.

Where does the thalamus send fast and slow messages?

Fast messages to the amygdala and slow messages to the cortex.

What does the prefrontal cortex control?

Voluntary control of emotional reactions.

What does the mesolimbic dopamine pathway do?

It regulates pleasurable emotions ("reward center").

What does the hippocampus control?

Memory associated with emotions.

Why is it important that facial expressions are cross-cultural?

It proves the way we feel/show emotion is very biological, but also it is important for communication.

What are behavioral expressions involved with emotion?

Facial expressions

Tone of voice

Bodily signals

Display behaviors

What is the James-Lange theory of emotion?

Conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of autonomic arousal.

What is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex (creating the conscious experience of emotion) and to the autonomic nervous system (creating visceral arousal).

What is the Schachter theory of emotion?

The experience of emotion depends on two factors: (1) autonomic arousal and (2) cognitive interpretation of that arousal. When you experience physiological arousal, you search your environment for an explanation.

What is the common sense theory of emotion?

That a stimulus makes us feel an emotion, which is then followed by the physiological reaction.

Why are emotions important?

Emotions draw attention to something important occurring.