Lecture 22

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Which Immunoglobulin (Ig) type is described:

• Monomer

• Primary response

  • produced by plasma cells

  • 2nd Ig produced

• Memory cell or secondary response

  • 1st Ig produced

• Most prevalent in tissue fluid and blood

• Functions: neutralizes toxins, opsonizes, fixes complement

• Crosses placenta

IgG

Which Ig type is produced by plasma cells during Primary response and by memory B cells during Secondary (anamnestic) response?

IgG

What are the functions of the IgG?

neutralizes toxins, opsonizes, fixes complement

[True or False]

IgG cannot cross the placenta.

False

Which Immunoglobulin (Ig) type is described:

Dimer

• held together by a J chain

• Mucous membranes & serious secretions

• Salivary glands, intestine, nasal membrane, breast, lung, genitourinary tract

• Local immunity to enteric, respiratory, and genitourinary pathogens

• Protection for newborns

Monomer

• small amounts circulate in the blood

IgA

What is the term for the dimers of IgA?

Secretory IgA

Which Immunoglobulin (Ig) type is described:

• five monomers = pentamer

  • 10 binding sites

• Held together by a J chain

• Primary response

• Associated with complement fixation

• Circulates in the blood

IgM

How many binding sites does the pentamer IgM have?

10

Which immunoglobulin is the 1st Ig synthesized during Primary Response and is a receptor for antigens on B cells?

IgM

Which Immunoglobulin (Ig) type is described:

• monomer

• small amounts in the serum

• receptor for antigens on B cells

  • helps trigger B-cell activation

IgD

Which Immunoglobulin (Ig) type is described:

• uncommon blood component

• for allergies and parasite infections

• Function: release chemical mediators that aid inflammation

• Fc portion binds to mast cells and basophils

IgE

Problems such as anaphalaxis, asthma, and other allergic reactions stem from having high amounts of which Ig?

IgE

[Fill in the Blanks]

A complementary fit between an antibody and antigen involves (BLANK) bonds and (BLANK) attractions.

hydrogen, electrostatic

What are the 4 primary functions/mechanisms of Antibodies?

Opsonization, Agglutination, Complement Fixation, Neutralization

Which antibody function/mechanism involves tagging to encourage the uptake of the microbe by phagocytes?

Opsonization

Which antibody function/mechanism involves clumping?

• the capacity for antibodies to aggregate, or [redacted], antigens is the consequence of their cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps.

• rendering microbes immobile and enhances their phagocytosis.

Agglutination

Which antibody function/mechanism involves tagging bacterial cells so complement proteins start to work?

• the interaction of an antibody with [redacted) can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses

Complement Fixation

Which antibody function/mechanism involves binding to prevent things from working?

• antibodies fill the surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a microbial enzyme to prevent it from attaching normally?

Neutralization

Which type of cell actually secretes antibodies?

1. T cell

2. Plasma cell

3. Macrophage

4. Monocytes

2

The cross linkage of antigens by antibodies is known as

1. Agglutination

2. Opsonization

3. Neutralization

4. Cross-reaction

5. Complement fixation

1

Be able to explain what happens in this chart regarding IgM and IgG.

Primary Response

• During first exposure of a new Ag, B cells create IgM, Plasma cells, and Memory cells.

• The plasma cells created help create IgG for the first response.

Secondary Response

• The memory cells create a much greater and more effective response to the Ag for the next exposure while B cells also create IgM.

• Greater response/defense against Ag for the next exposure due to memory cells making IgG

[True or False]

T cell activation is activated after B cell activation.

False

What type of immunity is T cell activation which is a direct involvement of the T cell?

Cell-mediated immunity

T cell activation interact directly with antigen to stimulate T cells, B cells, and phagocytes to produce what?

cytokines

What type of T cell is described:

• various types

• Role in regulating immune reactions to antigens

• Activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages

• Most prevalent in blood and lymphoid organs (~65%)

T Helper (T_H) Cells

[Fill in the Blanks]

T Helper cells role in regulating immune reactions to antigens

• Directly through (BLANK) contact

• Indirectly through (BLANK) release

  • interferon gamma

  • interleukins

receptor, cytokine

What type of T cell is described:

• Within the T_H class

  • CD4 marker and co-receptor

• Encourage immune activity

• Control inflammatory process

• Prevent autoimmunity

• Make sure immune response does not target normal biota

T Regulatory (T_R) cells

What type of T cell is described:

• Have capacity to kill certain target cells

• Produce [redacted] proteins

  • Perforins

  • Granzymes

• Bind and lyse cells (apoptosis)

• Destroy

  • Virally infected cells, bacteria carrying cells, cancer cells, foreign cells (animal/human)

    • responsible for graft rejection

Cytotoxic T (T_C) cells

What is the term for the cytotoxic protein produce by T_C cells that punch holes in the membrane?

Perforins

What is the term for the cytotoxic protein produce by T_C cells that degrade proteins?

Granzymes

What type of T cell is described:

• Have T cell receptors but respond more like nonspecific system

• Act quickly

• Produce memory cells

• Bridge 2nd and 3rd lines of defense

Gamma-Delta T cells

What type of T cell is described:

• related to T_c

• Lack specificity for antigens

• attack virus infected cells and cancer cells

• Not really part of cell-mediated immunity

Natural Killer (NK) & Natural Killer T Cells (NKT)

What general type of acquired immunity involves the following:

• antigen activates B and T cells

• In normal immunocompetent individuals

• Traits

  • Memory cells

  • Several days to develop

  • Long-term protection

• Natural or artificial

Active

What general type of acquired immunity involves the following:

• receive antibodies from another individual or animal

• Traits

  • no memory cells

  • no antibody production

  • immediate

  • short term protection

• Natural or artificial

Passive

What general type of acquired immunity involves the following:

• immunity produced by normal biological experiences, no medical intervention

Natural

[Choose]

Natural Immunity

• Natural (active/passive)

  • eg. infection

• Natural (active/passive)

  • eg. mother to child

active, passive

What general type of acquired immunity involves the following:

• immune protection through medical procedures or intervention

Artificial

[Choose]

Artificial Immunity

• Artificial (active/passive)

  • eg. immunotherapy

• Artificial (active/passive)

  • eg. vaccination

passive, active

[Fill in the Blanks/Choose]

Ideal Vaccines

1. (High/Low) adverse or toxic effect on host

2. Protect against (BLANK) wild forms of pathogen

3. Stimulate (BLANK) cell responses

4. Long-term, lasting effect - produce (BLANK) cells

5. (High/Low) # doses/boosters

6. Economical

low, natural, B and T, memory, low

What type of vaccine is described:

1. killed cell or inactivated viruses

2. live, attenuated cells or viruses

3. unrelated viruses

Whole Cell/Virus Vaccines

What type of vaccine is described:

1. surface antigenic molecules

2. genetically engineered DNA or mRNA vaccines

3. surface antigen conjugated with proteins

Antigenic Components Vaccines

What type of vaccine is shown?

• use of a harmless virus

• memory & specificity

• ex: Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca for COVID19

Viral Vector Vaccines

What type of vaccine is shown?

• memory & specificity

• ex: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna for COVID19

mRNA Vaccines

What type of vaccine is shown:

• Subunit - S protein

• memory & specificity

• ex: Novavax for COVID19

Protein Subunit Vaccines

Benefits of vaccinations include long-lasting immunity and this term which explains the indirect protection of nonimmune or those unable to be vaccinated and prevents epidemics.

Herd Immunity

aight

Short answer or essay question: describe the primary and secondary response of antibody production, including cells.

aight

What is the function of IgG molecules

1. Major Ig of primary response to Ag

2. Major Ig of secondary response to Ag

3. Fixes complement

4. involved in allergic reaction

5. 1 and 2 are both functions

6. 2 and 3 are both functions

6

Which of these Ig molecules functions in allergic reactions?

1. IgA

2. IgD

3. IgE

4. IgG

5. IgM

3

Widespread immunity that protects the population from the spread of a disease is called:

1. Epidemic prophylaxis

2. Cross-reactivity

3. Herd Immunity

4. Seropositiviy

3

Short Answer Essay part 1:

A. Describe the structure of immunoglobulins

B. What are the functions of the Fab and Fc regions

A. Light short chain and long chain, Fc and Fab sites

B. Fc attaches Ig molecule to a B cell, Fab attaches Ig molecule to the antigens

ok

Short Answer Essay part 2:

C. Describe two ways antibodies function in immunity

D. Where do antigens bind to antibodies

ok

What are the 3 main categories of microbial methods used to identify an infectious agent?

Phenotypic, Genotypic, Immunological (Methods)

What are typical samples collected from the body? (at last 2?)

Saliva, Sputum, Blood, Urine, Fecal, Skin, Cutaneous membrane

What process has 2 categories and is used to isolate and identify a specimen?

Analysis Scheme

[Fill in the Blanks]

Analysis Scheme Categories

• (BLANK): presumptive data » genus

• (BLANK): specific » species

preliminary, confirmatory

Which phenotypic method is described:

• examine appearance or behavior

• determine cell shape

• determine cell wall property

  • gram positive

  • gram negative

  • mycolic acid on cell surface (acid fast)

• Other stain or [redacted] methods

Microscopic

Which phenotypic method is described:

• enable growth of specific microbe

  • specialized media

  • selective media

  • differential media

  • biochemical media

• enable pure culture isolation

• take 18-24 hrs for results

Cultivation

[Choose]

Phenotypic: Cultivation

• Specialized media

  • (high/low) # in specimen

• Selective media

  • (high/low) # in specimen; urine, feces

low, high

Which phenotypic method is described:

• indirect method of identification

• identify enzyme and product

• ideal for bacterial identification

  • Haploid

  • Express genes related to nutrient used

  • not many microscopic features

Biochemical

[True or False]

The following are all common biochemical tests for identifying a microbe phenotypically.

• Carbohydrate fermentation

• Hydrolysis of gelatin, starch, urea

• Catalase

• Oxidase

• Coagulase

True

What type of test uses multiple biochemical tests that each yield a code for ID and is an API system (23-50 tests)?

Rapid Tests