CHEM 150 FINAL

John Dalton

created atomic theory

atomic theory

1. matter consists of atoms

2. atoms of the same element have the same properties

3. atoms combine in small, whole-number ratios

4. atoms aren’t created or destroyed, simply rearranged (in chem rxns)

JJ Thomson

discovered the electron, determined it carried a negative electrical charge, measured its charge/mass ratio

Robert Millikan

measured charge on the electron and calculated its mass using Thomson’s ratio

Ernest Rutherford

discovered the nucleus; disproved plum pudding model in favor of nuclear model; discovered protons

James Chadwich

discovered neutron

monoatomic gas

all noble gases (group 18)

Diatomic gas

H_2,N_2,O_2,F_2,Cl₂

monoatomic liquid

Hg

diatomic liquid

Br₂

monoatomic solid

all other elements

Wilhelm Röntgen

discovered x-rays

Antoine Becquerel

discovered that uranium was radioactive

Dmitri Mendeleev

organized modern periodic table

RMIVUXG

wavelength spectrum from lowest frequency/energy to highest; Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns

Johannes Rydberg

came up with an equation to find wavelengths a hydrogen atom emitted; Rydberg’s constant

Niels Bohr

determined electrons are in quantized energy levels; potential energy

Max Planck

energy is quantized; called a quantum of energy a photon, photons travel as waves; Father of quantum theory; E = hv h=Planck’s constant

Albert Einstein

proved Planck’s theory that energy is quantized by explaining the photoelectric effect

Louis de Broglie

proposed matter should have wave-like properties; equation for the wavelength of a piece of matter

George Thomson

proved the wave-like nature of electrons when he showed electrons exhibited diffraction

Werner Heisenberg

devised the Uncertainty Principle —> we can never know the exact position & momentum of a small particle

Arnold Sommerfield

introduced 2 other quantum numbers: l & m_,

ROYGBV

order of colors of visible spectrum

reflection

waves bounce off a smooth surface, in one direction; direction is changed (think of a mirror).

scattering

waves bounce off an uneven or rough surface, or tiny particles suspended in air, in multiple directions.

refraction

waves bend when they pass from something with one density to something with another density; for example, light bends when it goes from air to water.  A prism spreads out light into its component wavelengths because each wavelength bends a different angle when going into and out of the prism.

diffraction

waves passing through a slit spread out on the other side. If two slits are close together, light spreads out from each one; these new waves overlap with each other and cause constructive and destructive interference

Wolfgang Pauli

discovered 4th quantum number, m_s

Erwin Schrödinger

developed a wave equation involving 4 quantum numbers

linear

180°

trigonal planar

120°

tetrahedral

109.5°

trigonal bypyramidal

90°; 120°

octahedral

90°; 180°

steric no.: 2; 0 lone pair

linear

steric no.: 3; 0 lone pair

trigonal planar

steric no.: 4; 0 lone pair

tetrahedral

steric no.: 5; 0 lone pair

trigonal bypyramidal

steric no.: 6; 0 lone pair

octahedral

steric no.: 3; 1 lone pair

bent

steric no.: 4; 1 lone pair

trigonal pyramidal

steric no.: 5; 1 lone pair

seesaw

steric no.: 6; 1 lone pair

square pyramidal

steric no.: 4; 2 lone pairs

bent

steric no.: 5; 2 lone pairs

T-shaped

steric no.: 6; 2 lone pairs

square planar

steric no.: 5; 3 lone pairs

linear

trigonal pyramidal

107°

bent

104.5°