PHYGY 170 Module 1

Introduction to Cell and Central Dogma

What are the three tenets of Cell Theory?

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

What is the first tenet of Cell Theory?

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

What is the second tenet of Cell Theory?

The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.

What is the third tenet of Cell Theory?

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

What is the basic unit of life?

The cell.

Who discovered cells?

Cells were first discovered in the 17th century.

What are the two major categories of cells?

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

No.

Do eukaryotic cells have a nucleus?

Yes.

Which type of cell is generally more complex?

Eukaryotic cells.

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

Protect DNA and regulate cellular activities.

What structure stores the genetic material of the cell?

The nucleus.

What organelle is known as the control center of the cell?

The nucleus.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis.

Where are free ribosomes located?

In the cytosol.

What do free ribosomes primarily produce?

Proteins that function in the cytosol.

Where are bound ribosomes located?

On the rough ER.

What do bound ribosomes primarily produce?

Proteins destined for secretion, membranes, or organelles.

What is the primary function of the rough ER?

Synthesis and initial modification of proteins.

Why is the rough ER called "rough"?

It is studded with ribosomes.

What is the primary function of the smooth ER?

Lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

Which organelle synthesizes steroids?

Smooth ER.

Which organelle stores calcium ions?

Smooth ER.

Which organelle detoxifies drugs and toxins?

Smooth ER.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids.

What are the three Golgi regions?

Cis, medial, and trans Golgi.

Which Golgi region receives cargo from the ER?

Cis Golgi network.

Which Golgi region ships cargo to final destinations?

Trans Golgi network.

What is the function of lysosomes?

Intracellular digestion and recycling.

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes?

Lysosomes.

What happens inside lysosomes?

Macromolecules and cellular components are broken down.

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Fatty acid breakdown and detoxification.

Which organelle helps neutralize harmful byproducts of metabolism?

Peroxisomes.

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

ATP production.

Why are mitochondria called the powerhouses of the cell?

They generate most cellular ATP.

What organelle contains its own DNA?

Mitochondria.

What is the cytoskeleton?

A network of protein filaments that provides structure and movement.

What are the three major components of the cytoskeleton?

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

Which cytoskeletal component is composed of actin?

Microfilaments.

Which cytoskeletal component is important for intracellular transport?

Microtubules.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell.

What is the plasma membrane primarily composed of?

Phospholipid bilayer and proteins.

Why is the plasma membrane considered selectively permeable?

It allows some substances to pass while restricting others.

What organelle is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles?

Golgi apparatus.

What organelle produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Nucleolus.

Where is the nucleolus located?

Inside the nucleus.

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Production of rRNA and assembly of ribosomal subunits.

What is cytoplasm?

The contents of the cell outside the nucleus.

What is cytosol?

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm.