ucsp periodical

• Refers to changes in the physical traits and genetics of living things over time.

• Examples include humans evolving to walk on two feet and developing larger brains.

Biological Evolution

• Refers to how human cultures grow and become more complex.

• Happens as people adapt to their environment, leading to new tools and traditions.

• Scientists study changes in culture by looking at old tools and objects.

Cultural Evolution

explains how species change over time:

Darwin’s theory of natural selection

the process where organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Their traits are then passed on to the next generation.

Natural Selection

3 principles of the Natural Selection:

1. Variation

2. Heritability

3. Survival and Reproduction

Individuals in a species are different, and some are better suited to their environment.

Variation

Helpful traits can be passed from parents to their children.

Heritability

Those with the best traits survive and have more children, who inherit these traits.

Survival and Reproduction

Scientists used to believe that human evolution followed a simple "ladder" from apelike ancestors at the bottom to modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) at the top.

Evolutionary Ladder

study fossils and artifacts (learn about human evolution)

Archaeologists

Archaeologists study fossils and artifacts (learn about human evolution.

Archaeological Research

is the preserved remains of an organism that has been buried in the earth for a long period.

fossils

is an object from the past.

artifact

are early humans and humanlike creatures that walked upright.

Hominids

four main categories of hominids

• Sahelanthropus

• Ardipithecus

• Australopithecus

• Homo

They had the most species and are key stages in human evolution.

• Australopithecus

• Homo

are considered prehuman, having both apelike and humanlike traits

• Sahelanthropus

• Ardipithecus

• Australopithecus

is the beginning of the human stage, showing traits closer to modern humans.

Homo

Key Hominid Species:

• Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

• Ardipithecus Ramidus

• Ardipithecus Kadabba

• Australopithecus

• 6-7 million years ago):Had both apelike and humanlike features.

• Walked upright and had a small brain size.

Sahelanthropus Tchadensis

(5.6-4.4 million years ago): Walked on two legs, had a small brain, and lived in forests.

• Ardipithecus

• (5-1 million years ago): Brain size was about 500 cubic centimeters.

• Walked upright, used simple tools like sticks and stones, and lived in small social groups.

Australopithecus

2 main groups of Australopithecus:

1. Gracile Australopithecines

2. Robust Australopithecines

• Smaller teeth and jaws.

• Includes Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus afarensis, and Australopithecus africanus.

Gracile Australopithecines

Gracile Australopithecines:

• Australopithecus Anamensis

• Australopithecus Afarensis

• Australopithecus Africanus

• Larger teeth, jaws, and a more muscular build.

• Includes Australopithecus aethiopicus, Australopithecus robustus, and Australopithecus boisei.

Robust Australopithecines

Robust Australopithecines:

• Australopithecus Aethiopicus

• Australopithecus Robustus

• Australopithecus Boisei

After existing for nearly a million years, the Australopithecus species disappeared. They were replaced by?

Homo genus

which is classified as truly human due to larger brains and fully bipedal movement.

• truly human

• first appeared in Africa

• makes tools & creates fires

Homo Genus

The Homo genus first appeared in

Africa about 2.4 million years ago

types of homo:

• homo rudolfensis

• homo habilis

• homo erectus

• homo heidelbergensis

• homo neanderthalensis

• homo sapiens

• lived about 1.9 to 1.8 million years ago.

• Discovered near Lake Rudolf in Kenya

• larger brain and a flat face with broad cheekbones.

• teeth were bigger than other early humans but smaller than those of earlier hominins. 

Homo Rudolfensis

• The remains were found in a vast grassland and woodland, and due to the appearance of its teeth, it is believed that it ate meat.

• They used "simple choppers" or basic stone tools for hunting and gathering food.

Homo rudolfensis

Homo rudolfensis uses _____ or basic stone tools for hunting and gathering food

simple choppers

• They had small teeth and stood about five feet tall.

• They used stone tools.

• HANDY MAN

Homo Habilis

• Larger brain and smaller teeth compared to earlier hominins.

• Upright posture and fully bipedal.

• More advanced stone tools than earlier species.

• First to use fire and possibly cook food.

Homo erectus

• Lived in cold environments and adapted by having a larger body to conserve heat.

• They hunted large animals with wooden spears and stone tools.

Homo Heidelbergensis

• They had shorter limbs but  strong.

• Their tools were more advanced and numerous compared to earlier species.

• They were the first to perform burial rituals. This indicates that they had a concept of community.

Homo Neanderthalensis

• The modern human belongs to the species Homo sapiens.

• They created tools, often made from animal bones.

• Created clothing to protect against changing climates.

• Also crafted simple tools.

• A significant contribution is the artwork found in the cave.

Homo Sapiens

For a long time, scientists thought they were early humans. (2)

• Neanderthals

• Cro-Magnons

For a long time, scientists thought Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons were early humans. But in 1997, they found out _____ weren’t our ancestors.

Neanderthals

are considered the first true Homo sapiens.

Cro-Magnons

• comes from a site in France where their fossils were found in 1868.

• They are the oldest known humans in Europe, appearing around 40,000 years ago. 

• were about 5 ¾ feet tall, strong, and had brains similar in size to ours.

• While their remains were first found in Europe, they likely started in North Africa and later moved to Europe and Asia.

Cro-Magnon

are great places to see artifacts, fossils, and other evidence from our past. They help us preserve, share, and display important parts of human history and culture.

Museums

preserves and displays Filipino art and artifacts, while other museums across the country help us understand human development.

The National Museum of the Philippines

• is the process of how societies change over time.

• they create new ways to survive, learn more, and develop new technologies

Sociocultural evolution

an American sociologist, explained that as societies advance in technology, they evolve and transform. This process of using technology to meet human needs drives the evolution of society

Gerhard Lenski

Societies can be grouped into different types based on their development level, such as:

• Hunting and Gathering

• Horticultural

• Pastoral

• Agricultural

• Industrial

• Post-Industrial

• is the oldest and simplest way humans have survived. In these societies, people create basic tools to hunt animals and gather plants for food.

• Men typically hunt larger animals like deer and elk, while women collect plants, berries, and small crops. This division of labor led scientists to view men and women in these societies as equals.

• Because they relied on nature for food, they often moved from place to place, making them nomadic.

• They usually lived in caves or simple shelters made from tree branches and leaves.

• The family was the basic unit, and they often had a shaman or priest as their leader. Since their survival depended on nature, they believed that spirits existed in the world around them.

Hunting and gathering societies

During this period (2,500,000-10,000 BCE), these societies (Hunting and gathering) were small, with groups of 20 to 30 people, growing to 40 or 50 when food was plentiful.

Paleolithic Period

• began about 10,000 years ago and were semi-settled, meaning they didn’t move around much.

• They practiced small-scale farming using simple tools like hoes and digging sticks to plant crops. 

• This way of life first appeared in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, and later spread to Europe and China.

• With a surplus of food, some members took up other activities like crafting, trading, or becoming priests.

• had social hierarchies, with some members becoming powerful leaders.

Horticultural Societies

• These people focused on raising domesticated animals in dry regions where farming wasn’t possible.

• They moved with their herds but had semi-permanent settlements

• had social hierarchies, with some members becoming powerful leaders.

Pastoral Societies

• people started farming and domesticating animals.

• They grew crops like wheat, barley, and rice, and raised animals for food and materials.

• This shift led to large, permanent settlements like Jericho and Catal Huyuk.

• Farming spread from the Middle East to other parts of the world, including Europe, China, and Southeast Asia. People also began to use animals for work and as a source of food and materials.

• they developed new farming tools and techniques, leading to more food and larger populations.

• This surplus allowed for specialized jobs and the use of money instead of bartering

• increased social inequality, with a few people owning land and resources while many others became serfs or slaves.

Agricultural Societies and the Neolithic Revolution

• started during the Industrial Revolution in Europe, from the late 1700s to the mid-1800s.

• During this time, new energy sources and machines were invented, changing societies from farming to manufacturing and production.

• This shift led to big changes: factories were built, people moved to cities for jobs, and formal education became important.

Industrial Societies

• emerged with the growth of information technology and computers. In these societies, like in the United States and other developed countries,

• the focus shifted from manufacturing in factories to using and applying new technology, especially computers and electronic devices.

Post-Industrial Societies

A sociologist, described the main features of post-industrial societies

Daniel Bell

main features of post-industrial societies according to Daniel Bell: (7)

1. Shift to service jobs

2. Rise of professional roles

3. Education for mobility

4. Importance of skills and knowledge

5. Use of “intellectual technology”

6. Focus on communication networks

7. Knowledge as innovation

More people work in healthcare, education, and finance instead of factories or manufacturing plants

Shift to service jobs

There is a growing demand for software developers, data analysts, and engineers, while jobs like assembly line workers in factories are decreasing.

Rise of professional roles

College degrees and specialized training are often necessary to get higher-paying jobs. For instance, a computer science or engineering degree can open doors to many tech industry roles.

Education for mobility

Companies value employees with specialized skills and knowledge, like cybersecurity experts who help protect data from cyber threats.

Importance of skills and knowledge

Businesses use algorithms for personalized online shopping experiences, such as how Amazon recommends products to customers based on their browsing history.

Use of “intellectual technology”

High-speed internet and mobile networks allow people to work remotely, conduct online meetings, and connect with others globally, like through Zoom or Microsoft Teams.

Focus on communication networks

Companies like Google and Apple constantly create new products and services based on research and development, such as smartphones, artificial intelligence, and self-driving cars.

Knowledge as innovation

Four major civilizations grew along river valleys

• Sumerian Civilization

• Indus Valley Civilization

• Shang Civilization

• Egyptian Civilization

These civilizations are known as the

cradles of human civilization

Characteristics of these civilizations: (11)

• Advanced Cities

• Well-defined city centers

• Complex institutions

• Centralized government

• Formal Religions

• Job Specialization

• Social classes

• Public works

• Detailed arts and architecture

• Advanced technology

• Writing Systems

Political Systems:

• Centralized governments with strong leaders

• Organized hierarchies of officials

• Codified Laws

• Leaders’ Roles