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achaemenid persian empire
first persian empire founded by cyrus (6th century BCE)
alexander the great
great macedonian conqueror of the persian empire and part of northwest India
hellenism
ancient greek thought, customs, or styles
augustus
first emperor of the roman empire
pax romana
peace and economic prosperity throughout the roman empire (27 BCEâ180 CE)
legalism
a philosophical belief that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self-interest and require strict laws to control their impulses
confucianism
a system of philosophical + ethical teachings founded by confucious
hinduism
a south asian religion + tradition which developed from vedic (india)
siddhartha gautama
south asian prince who founded buddhism + became the buddha
saint paul of tarsus
first missionary of chirstianity
jesus of nazareth
a teacher + prophet born in bethleham
aristotle
prominent greek philosopher, noted for his philosophically based thoughts of "science"
mauryan empire
a state centred at pataliputra (india) near the junction of the son and ganges rivers
han dynasty
imperial dynasty of china established by liu bang (206-220)
qin shihuangdi
first emperor from the qin dynasty
judaism
a religion with a belief in one god; originated with abraham and the hebrew people
swahili civilization
east african civilization in a set of city states linked to the indian ocean trading network (8th century). combined african bantu + islamic culture
song dynasty
imperial dynasty of china (960-1279)
byzantine empire
eastern half of the roman empire (eventually just constantinople)
hangzhou
chinese capital during the song dynasty
caesaropapism
political and religious system in which the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment
eastern orthodox christianity
a branch of christianity that developed in the eastern part of the roman empire
ghana
early west african state known for riches (750-1076); later absorbed by mali
al-andalus
name for the iberian peninsula under muslim rule (711-1000)
aztec empire
major empire that developed in mexico (1300-1400s)
seljuk turks
an empire ruled by the military family of oguz (turco-persian)
roman catholic church
christian faith centered around rome, under authority of the pope (700-present)
bushido
âway of the warriorâ; code of conduct for samurais
american web
a term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-columbian americas
inca empire
largest empire in the western hemisphere (1400-1500s); built great system of roads
western christendom
term for western region that practiced christianity
maya civilization
civilization (not empire) created by indigenous people who lived in what is now mexico and central america before the spanish conquest of mexico and central america; mysteriously disappeared
ottoman empire
islamic state founded by osman (300)
constantinople
capital of the byzantine empire
temujin (ghengis khan)
founder of the mongol empire (1206-1227)
mongol world war
half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, + empire building persuaded by ghengis khan + his successors in eurasia after 1209
khubilai khan
5th emperor of mongol dynasty in china (1260)
yuan dynasty
period of time when mongol leaders ruled over china through family dynasties
ming dynasty
ruled china (1368-1644) during which chinaâs population doubled
great zimbabwe
powerful state in south african interior; emerged from trade in gold in east africa (1250-1350)
zheng he
chinese admiral who commanded a huge fleet in a series of voyages in the indian ocean (1405-1433)
safavid empire
a persian military state that dominated the region for 2 centuries + initiated a golden age (1502-1736)
khanate of the golden horde
mongol + turkic khanate established in the 1200s
srivijaya
a malay kingdom that dominated the critical choke point in indian ocean trade at the straits of malacca (670-1025); obsorbed influence from india
timbuktu
major commercial city of west africa; noted for center of islamic scholorship + education (1500s)
angkor wat
one of the largest religious monuments ever constructed (hindu then buddhist)
khutulun
a mongol princess whose exploited in battle and wrestling
chaco phenomenon
settlement + organization of the people in the chaco canyon (new mexico, 860-1130); large pueblos, long roads
black death
a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in western eurasia + north africa (1346-1353)
house of wisdom
academic center for research + translation of foregin texts, established by abbasid (baghdad, 830)
hernan cortes
conquistador that conquered aztec empire
the great dying
devistating demographic impact of european-borne epidemic diseases in the americas
little ice age
period of cooling temperatures + harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era
devshirme
ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their balkan christian subjects and raising them in the religion of islam
columbian exchange
extensive movements of plants, animals, people, + diseases between the old and new worlds (1492-present)
mercantilism
economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state power at the expense of other countries
mestizo
spanish/europeanâindigenous mixed ancestry
settler colonies
areas not in europe where immigrants settled
mulattoes
europeanâafrican mixed ancestry
yasak
turkic for tribute (siberian nativesârussia)
qing expansion
expansion of qing dynasty in inner asia (1600+1700s)
mughal empire
monarchy of india, pakistan, afghanistan, + bangledesh areas (1500-1700s); descenants of mongols
akbar
3rd mughal emperor with religious tolerance (1556-1605)
aurangzeb
6th mughal emperor, (very) orthox muslim (1658-1707)
benin
a territorial state that emerged by the 15th century in the region that is now southern nigeria
maroon societies
term for settlements created by escaped slaves in the americas away from plantations
africa diaspora
nickname for the spread of african slaves across atlantic
transatlantic slave trade
segment of global slave trade of africans across the atlantic ocean to the americas
âsoft goldâ
nickname for animal furs because of their high value (warmth + elite status)
fur trade
exchange of animal fur (natives) and tools/weapons (europeans)
potosi
city developed in andes mountains (1570); sight of the worlds largest silver mine
pieces of eight
standard spanish coin that became a medium of exchange in much of afro-eurasia + america
âsilver drainâ
the siphoning of money from europe to pay for luxury products of the east
dutch east india company
private trading company chartered by the netherlands (1600s), focused on indonesia
british east india company
private trading company charted by the english (1600s), mainly focused on india ocean trade
manila
capital of spanish philippines