exam review purrrrrrrrr

achaemenid persian empire

first persian empire founded by cyrus (6th century BCE)

alexander the great

great macedonian conqueror of the persian empire and part of northwest India

hellenism

ancient greek thought, customs, or styles

augustus

first emperor of the roman empire

pax romana

peace and economic prosperity throughout the roman empire (27 BCE—180 CE)

legalism

a philosophical belief that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self-interest and require strict laws to control their impulses

confucianism

a system of philosophical + ethical teachings founded by confucious

hinduism

a south asian religion + tradition which developed from vedic (india)

siddhartha gautama

south asian prince who founded buddhism + became the buddha

saint paul of tarsus

first missionary of chirstianity

jesus of nazareth

a teacher + prophet born in bethleham

aristotle

prominent greek philosopher, noted for his philosophically based thoughts of "science"

mauryan empire

a state centred at pataliputra (india) near the junction of the son and ganges rivers

han dynasty

imperial dynasty of china established by liu bang (206-220)

qin shihuangdi

first emperor from the qin dynasty

judaism

a religion with a belief in one god; originated with abraham and the hebrew people

swahili civilization

east african civilization in a set of city states linked to the indian ocean trading network (8th century). combined african bantu + islamic culture

song dynasty

imperial dynasty of china (960-1279)

byzantine empire

eastern half of the roman empire (eventually just constantinople)

hangzhou

chinese capital during the song dynasty

caesaropapism

political and religious system in which the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment

eastern orthodox christianity

a branch of christianity that developed in the eastern part of the roman empire

ghana

early west african state known for riches (750-1076); later absorbed by mali

al-andalus

name for the iberian peninsula under muslim rule (711-1000)

aztec empire

major empire that developed in mexico (1300-1400s)

seljuk turks

an empire ruled by the military family of oguz (turco-persian)

roman catholic church

christian faith centered around rome, under authority of the pope (700-present)

bushido

“way of the warrior”; code of conduct for samurais

american web

a term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre-columbian americas

inca empire

largest empire in the western hemisphere (1400-1500s); built great system of roads

western christendom

term for western region that practiced christianity

maya civilization

civilization (not empire) created by indigenous people who lived in what is now mexico and central america before the spanish conquest of mexico and central america; mysteriously disappeared

ottoman empire

islamic state founded by osman (300)

constantinople

capital of the byzantine empire

temujin (ghengis khan)

founder of the mongol empire (1206-1227)

mongol world war

half a century of military campaigns, massive killing, + empire building persuaded by ghengis khan + his successors in eurasia after 1209

khubilai khan

5th emperor of mongol dynasty in china (1260)

yuan dynasty

period of time when mongol leaders ruled over china through family dynasties

ming dynasty

ruled china (1368-1644) during which china’s population doubled

great zimbabwe

powerful state in south african interior; emerged from trade in gold in east africa (1250-1350)

zheng he

chinese admiral who commanded a huge fleet in a series of voyages in the indian ocean (1405-1433)

safavid empire

a persian military state that dominated the region for 2 centuries + initiated a golden age (1502-1736)

khanate of the golden horde

mongol + turkic khanate established in the 1200s

srivijaya

a malay kingdom that dominated the critical choke point in indian ocean trade at the straits of malacca (670-1025); obsorbed influence from india

timbuktu

major commercial city of west africa; noted for center of islamic scholorship + education (1500s)

angkor wat

one of the largest religious monuments ever constructed (hindu then buddhist)

khutulun

a mongol princess whose exploited in battle and wrestling

chaco phenomenon

settlement + organization of the people in the chaco canyon (new mexico, 860-1130); large pueblos, long roads

black death

a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in western eurasia + north africa (1346-1353)

house of wisdom

academic center for research + translation of foregin texts, established by abbasid (baghdad, 830)

hernan cortes

conquistador that conquered aztec empire

the great dying

devistating demographic impact of european-borne epidemic diseases in the americas

little ice age

period of cooling temperatures + harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era

devshirme

ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their balkan christian subjects and raising them in the religion of islam

columbian exchange

extensive movements of plants, animals, people, + diseases between the old and new worlds (1492-present)

mercantilism

economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state power at the expense of other countries

mestizo

spanish/european—indigenous mixed ancestry

settler colonies

areas not in europe where immigrants settled

mulattoes

european—african mixed ancestry

yasak

turkic for tribute (siberian natives→russia)

qing expansion

expansion of qing dynasty in inner asia (1600+1700s)

mughal empire

monarchy of india, pakistan, afghanistan, + bangledesh areas (1500-1700s); descenants of mongols

akbar

3rd mughal emperor with religious tolerance (1556-1605)

aurangzeb

6th mughal emperor, (very) orthox muslim (1658-1707)

benin

a territorial state that emerged by the 15th century in the region that is now southern nigeria

maroon societies

term for settlements created by escaped slaves in the americas away from plantations

africa diaspora

nickname for the spread of african slaves across atlantic

transatlantic slave trade

segment of global slave trade of africans across the atlantic ocean to the americas

“soft gold”

nickname for animal furs because of their high value (warmth + elite status)

fur trade

exchange of animal fur (natives) and tools/weapons (europeans)

potosi

city developed in andes mountains (1570); sight of the worlds largest silver mine

pieces of eight

standard spanish coin that became a medium of exchange in much of afro-eurasia + america

“silver drain”

the siphoning of money from europe to pay for luxury products of the east

dutch east india company

private trading company chartered by the netherlands (1600s), focused on indonesia

british east india company

private trading company charted by the english (1600s), mainly focused on india ocean trade

manila

capital of spanish philippines