NUTR 15 (test review)

(trace mineral) iron: 4 functions?

carry oxygen, help energy production/metabolism, immune system, brain chemical production (Cofactor for enzymes involved in synthesis of neurotransmitters)

iron sources?

fortified foods, meat, seafood, grains, vegetables

Iron RDA?

UL?

men: 8 mg

women: 18 mg

women after menopause: 8 mg

---

45 mg/day

Iron deficiency anemia symptoms?

populations highest risk of iron deficiency anemia?

tired, weak, pale, poor focus

pregnant women, children under age 5, and women with heavy menstrual bleeding

iron toxicity symptoms?

stomach pain, nausea, organ damage (especially from supplements)

(trace mineral) Iodine functions?

make thyroid hormones that control growth (brain, nervous system) and metabolism

Iodine sources?

iodized salt, seaweed, seafood, dairy, eggs

2 types of Iodine deficiencies?

goiter: enlarged thyroid gland in neck

Cretinism: irreversible and affects infants (born to women who were iodide deficient)

cretinism is…

includes symptoms like…

type of iodine deficiency in infants

severe mental retardation, loss of hearing and speech abilities, short stature (size), and muscle spasticity (stiff muscles and involuntary spasms)

(trace mineral) Selenium functions?

antioxidant (protect cells, boosts immune function, and regulates thyroid health), thyroid hormone activation

Selenium sources?

seafood, meats, grains depending on soil content

Iodine and RDA and UL?

Iodine RDA is 150 mcg/day and UL is 1100 mcg/day

selenium RDA and UL?

Selenium RDA is 55 mcg/day and UL is 400 mcg/day

Selenium deficiency results in?

weak immunity, thyroid problems,

Keshan disease = fatal heart muscle disease linked to low selenium

Selenium toxicity?

brittle nails, hair loss, nausea

(trace mineral) Zinc functions?

DNA/RNA synthesis, antioxidant (protect cells from free radical damage), growth, bone formation

Zinc sources?

meat, seafood, dairy, grains

Zinc RDA and UL?

RDA is 8-11 mg/day and UL is 40 mg/day

Zinc deficiency symptoms?

poor growth, weak immunity (poor wound healing), diarrhea, skin problems, decreased taste sensitivity (hypogeusia)

Zinc toxicity?

nausea, appetite loss

iron absorbed in…

How is iron transported?

what is iron stored as?

small intestine

leaves intestinal cells and attaches to transferrin (protein picks up iron and carries it to tissues) in blood

ferritin (protein that capture and store iron)

Heme iron:

sources?

absorption?

animal foods (meat, fish)

Absorbed easily (More efficient)

Non-heme iron:

sources?

absorption?

needs help from ____ to ____?

plants, grains, supplements

Harder to absorb

vitamin C, absorb better

Hemoglobin:

protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen around body

Myoglobin:

protein in muscles that holds oxygen for muscle use during activity

3 stages of iron deficiency

1. Iron stores (ferritin) in the bone marrow are reduced or depleted

2. Insufficient iron is available for red blood cell production (less iron moving in blood)

3. Hemoglobin drops (anemia occurs)

Bioavailability of iodine decreased by ___ (hint: cooking and washing reduce ___)

Goitrogens

Goitrogens sources are

Raw turnips, cabbage, brussels sprouts

fluoride sources?

(hint: bottled water have little to no fluoride)

fluoridated tap water (main source), Toothpaste (small ingestion, not main nutrition source), Tea

most zinc is excreted through ___, some zinc excreted through ___

feces (gastrointestinal tract)

urine, sweat, other bodily fluids

excessive fluoride during critical years of development (usually before age 8) can lead to…

mottling of the teeth (from dental fluorosis condition)