yr 12 finished content

energy flow

solar energy is captured by producers and moves through consumers and decomposers

nutrient cycling

key nutrients are recycled through biotic and abiotic systems

ecosystem function

biological, chemical, and physical processes that take place within an ecosystem

global biodiversity

variety of life across earth on all levels

biocapacity

the capacity of an ecosystem to regenerate after human interference

what is a biome

a region of the world characterised by its resident life

what is a ecosystem

interactions between organisms living together in a particular environment

what is a habitat

location where a species or population of organisms live

how is productivity of ecosystem measured

levels of energy and nutrients which flow/cycle within the system

where does energy originate from and why are there smaller amounts of animals on higher trophic levels

energy from sun

what is vulnerability

ease at which a ecosystem can be changed

what is resilience

an ecosystems ability to cope with a change

what is dymanic equilibrium

occurs when vulneraiblity is equal to resilience

factors that cause dynamic disequilibrium

location to a hazards

positive vs negative feedback loops

positive loop amplifies original change while negative loop regulates the disturbance

overall reasons for managing and protecting ecosystems?

maintenance of genetic diversity

genetic diversity: link to resilience

more diversity means more complex energy flows and more resilient

genetic diversity; amount of species and total identified

% of total species ever existed

genetic diversity: evolutionary extinction and amount of threatened species

1 species a year

genetic diversity: medical uses

estimated 5000/250

genetic diversity: stats on habitat destruction

40% of animal extinctions since 1600 are due to habitat destruction

utility value: to human

reduces potential source of food

utility value: environmental services

purifying water

what is ecological integrity

how whole and unaltered a ecosystem is by human activity

what is biocapacity

the regenerative capacity of an ecosystem

flordia everglades: overview

subtropical wetland system covering 6000km2 in USA

flordia everglades; ecological stress

seasonal droughts

flordia everglades: human stress

agricultural runoff

flordia everglades: changes in water flow

receive less than 50% of historical water flow

flordia everglades: nutrient overload

sugar farms and drilling leading to algal blooms and seagrass dieoff

trend in biodiversity: Living planet indix (LPI)

tracks vertebrate species

current trend in biodiversity: agricultural expansion leading to threatened species

agricultural expansion accounts for threat of extinction for 24

current trend in biodiversity: agricultural expansion and % of biodiversity loss

primary driver of 75% of terrestrial biodiversity loss (UNEP

future trend in biodiversity: loss by 2050

2050: global biodiversity can decline by another 10-27%

future trend in biodiversity: agricultural and fish expansion

global agricultural and fish production is projected to expand by 14% over the next decade (OECD

future trend in biodiversity: global food demand and habitat loss

Global food demand is projected to increase by 60% by 2050

Y2Y ecosystem: utility value

Provides us with clean air

Y2Y ecosystem: economic value

tourism

Y2Y ecosystem: cultural value

Respect and belonging for Indigenous peoples whose territories overlap with the Yellowstone to Yukon region

Y2Y ecosystem: maintaining the ecosystem

Maintaining and adding corridors to improve wildlife movement and reconnect isolated communities

strategy at global scale

international agreements such as the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change saw announcement of goals towards net zero by 2050

strategy at regional and national scale in AU

establishment of national parks

strategy at local scale - Blue gum High Forest

By Hornsby Shire Council

Faure Island; overview

located within Shark Bay in WA

Faure Island; littoral zone

littoral zone with wetlands

Faure Island; sandplains

sandplains are inland with heathland and shrublands, important region for endangered mammals such as burrowing bettong

Faure Island; initial condition and owner

pastoral station for 100 years

Faure Island; feral animals and removal

over 2000 feral goats in 1999

Faure Island; translocation mission

reintroduced 5 species in 16 translocation missions

Faure Island; reintroducation success

20

indigenous land management; indigenous land and sea ranger program

started by Queensland Government in 2007 with 20 rangers

Where is singapore city located?

South East Asia at the southern tip of Malaysia

population of signapore

6.1 million

size of singapore

720 km2

ethnic competition of singapore's population:

74% chinese

what percentage of Singapore island is urban and has it's size grown?

singapore is 100% urban and land reclamation has increased its size

strategric location of singapore

second-largest port and largest transshipment port due to its location in Asia-Pacific trade corridor

physical character: topography

50% of island below 15m above sea level

physical character: food production and water

since land is 100% urban

physical character: climate

tropical climate

physical character: urbanisation

industrial and vehicle emission cause poor air quality combined with large heat-island effect

what ranking is sinapore on globalisation and world cities (GaWV)

Alpha +

cultural diversity in singapore

2022 paper by Pew Research Centre found 26% were Buddhist

examples of cultural neighbourhoods

Little India

how is work and home seperated in Singapore?

Central area for work with mass rapid transit (MRT) connecting workers to housing (HDB)

how much area

lines

geographical processes: political influences

centralised rule allowed long-term planning through long term plans

geographical processes: establishment of HDB

HDB established in 1960 to increase public housing supply and quality of life for thousands of immigrants

geographical processes: modern purpose of HDB

increasing quality of life in 1980s and 90s by considering open spaces and better flats to foster community

geographical processes: economic restructuring

prioritising high-value industries and clustered regional centres connected by transport with towns planned around them

geographical processes: demographic trends

stage 4 of demographic transition model

geographical processes: population growth

fast growth from 1950s due to immigration

geographical processes: aging population

7.4% in 2003 to 17.3% in 2023 of people aged 65+

geographical processes: median age

35 in 2003 to 42.4 in 2023

geographical processes: percentage of foreign workers

2020: 75% in construction and 50% in manufacturing

geographical processes: classification of migrant workers

foreign workers and foreign talent from developed countries

geographical processes: foreign vs local

regulations to limit foreign talent

geographical processes: wellbeing of foreign workers

1.4 million workers

economic change: shift in economy by decade since 1960s

trade economy -> labour intensive -> skill intensive -> services -> technology -> knowledge and innovation

social patterns: ethnicity

ethic integration policy limits ethnic enclaves to create multicultural society

social patterns: public housing

citizen home-ownership rate of 80% with 75% or 3.2 mil live in own-occupied HDB accomodation

social patterns: education and literacy rate

considered one of the best in the world with literacy rate for 15+ was 97% in 2022 by PISA tests

social patterns: employment

6 tertiary level universities

social-economic patterns: high inequality

scored 0.444 in 2021 and 0.442 in 2000 on Gini coefficient

social-economic patterns: decreasing inequality

subsidised housing

social-economic patterns: poverty

concentration of poverty around Little India and Chinatown

economic patterns: major industries

2023 GDP; 18.6% manufacturing

economic patterns

Jurong: formation

economic patterns

Jurong: commercial centre

economic patterns

Jurong: maritime trade hub

economic patterns

Jurong: transport

role and linkages

political and economic: service provider

role and linkages

political and economic: service provider international example

role and linkages

political and economic: innovator

role and linkages

political and economic: regional advocate

role and linkages

political and economic: diplomatic meets

role and linkages

regional/global: international flights

role and linkages

regional/global: cargo

role and linkages

regional/global: land

role and linkages

regional/global: food trade