Oral Language

Morpheme

a combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing and cannot be divided into smaller grammatical parts; this includes prefixes and suffixes

Speaker (Rhetorical Situation)

the author of the text

Self-Assessment

process where individuals reflect on their own performance, abilities, or understanding of a topic, typically using criteria or standards to evaluate themselves, fostering self-awareness, self-regulation, and continuous improvement

Volume (ELA))

the loudness or softness of a person's voice when speaking

Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle

using the relationship between symbols (letters and words) and sounds of a language to read and write

Phonetics

the sounds of human speech

Transition Words

phrases and words used to link sentences, paragraphs, and ideas together

Speaking Rate

the speed at which a person speaks, usually measured in words per minute

Precise (Writing)

in writing, a sentence that contains specific details and avoids wordy descriptions

Memorized Presentation

word-for-word delivery from memory

Direct Quotation

an exact reproduction of the words of an author or a speaker that are set-off in quotation marks

Cognates

also called true cognates; words in two languages that share a similar meaning, spelling, and pronunciation

Morphology

the study of forms of words, including affixes, roots, stems, and parts of speech

Dialogue Tag

followed or preceded by a comma or punctuation mark, with quotation marks around the quotation

Active Listening

the focused and intentional act of hearing and understanding what others say

Paraphrased Quotation

the author is conveying the meaning of what was said without necessarily repeating the exact words of the speaker

Oral Language

system that relates sounds to meanings through communicating by word of mouth

Impromptu Presentation

unplanned and unrehearsed

Connotation

the implied meaning of a word; the feeling a word conveys

Audience (Rhetorical Situation)

the intended recipient of a written or verbal communication

Orthography

the standards present in a language's conventions

Tone of Voice (Oral Presentations)

the attitude of the speaker created by volume, speed, and pitch

Pragmatics

the study of how we understand the meaning of language based on the situation it's used in

Peer Assessment

students evaluating their peer's learning and having their learning evaluated by peers

Literature Circles

strategy in which a teacher organizes students into small groups to discuss a common text

Overgeneralization

the application of a grammar rule in a place where it doesn’t apply

Rhetorical Situation

context that shapes an argument: speaker, purpose, audience, context, and exigence; guides the author's language and persuasive choices

Nonverbal Communication

facial expressions, gestures, physical actions

Semantics

the study of word or symbol meaning

English Language Learners (ELLs)

students who are learning the English language, or for whom English is not a first language

Argumentation

to prove the author’s point through reasoning and evidence

Think-Pair-Share

learning activity in which the teacher provides a prompt, the students consider it individually (Think), then pair up and brainstorm responses or solutions (Pair), and then share their results with the class (Share)

Syntax

rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences

Homogeneous Group

group comprised of individuals working on the same level

Tense

words that indicate if a statement is referring to past time, present time, or future time

Heterogeneous Group

group comprised of individuals working on various levels

SPACE (Rhetorical Situation)

Speaker: Who wrote this, and what do we know about them?

Purpose: What does the speaker want their audience to do or believe after engaging with the text?

Audience: Who received this text, and what do we know about them?

Context: What was happening in the world when this text was published?

Exigence: What motivated the speaker to write this argument when they did?

Syllable Awareness / Syllabication / Syllable Segmentation

the ability to hear individual parts/syllables of words

Phoneme

the smallest individual sounds in a word

Growth Chart

a tool for assessing a students mastery of oral language skills

Oral Language Assessment

listen to, analyze, and record brief episodes of students' oral language to assess needs, strengths, interests, and next steps to support growth

Paralanguage

includes intonation, pitch, and volume

Primary Purpose / Author's Purpose

why the author wrote a text

Language Acquisition

the process by which individuals learn a language

Phonology

the systematic organization of sounds in languages

Extemporaneous Presentation

prepared and practiced but delivered with a natural, flexible tone

Language Experience Approach (LEA)

promotes reading and writing through the use of personal experiences and oral language; materials are learner-generated

Informative Presentation

a presentation which demonstrates comprehension of a topic or process

Demonstrative Pronoun

this, that, these, those

Exigence (Rhetorical Situation)

the problem or situation that prompted the speaker to write the text

Scripted Presentation

entirely written and read aloud

Context (Rhetorical Situation)

the social and historical circumstances in which a text is created and received

Articulation

Articulation