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Central-place theory

views urban settlements as centers for the distribution of economic goods and services to surrounding nonurban populations

Walter Christaller

German geographer who in the early 1930s first formulated central-place theory as a series of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban centers. Crucial to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and in range

Concentric zone model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

Edge CityEdge City

a large node of office and retail activities on the perimeter of an urban area that represents a self-functioning community

Functional zonation

division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions

Gentrification

individuals and businesses buying property in the city center to rehabilitate and raising housing value in the neighborhood and changing the neighborhood.

Greenbelts

rings of open space where houses may not be built.

Griffin-Ford Model

a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene.

Hearths of Urbanization

Mesoamerica, mesopotomia, Nile valley, idus valley, Huang He River Valley

McMansions

Homes referred to as such because of their "super size" and similarity in appearance to other such homes; homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs.

New Urbanism

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. A reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.

Nucleated

a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings

Peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Primate city

A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.

Rank-size rule

the largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. In other words, 2nd largest is 1/2 the size of largest. Works best in most developed countries that have full distribution of services

Sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

Shantytowns

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard. Also known as favelas and slums

Spaces of consumption

Areas of a city, the main purpose of which is to encourage people to consume goods and services' driven primarily by the global media industry.

Squatter settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Suburbs

areas that are also nucleated, but use much land space for residences of people that work in or near cities

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Sunbelt Phenomenonc

The movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern States to the South and Southwest regions(Sunbelt) of the United States.

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

Tear-downs

Homes bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes often referred to as McMansions.

Trade area

Region adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant

Transportation centers

a place where goods arrive to be shipped to different destinations

Urban renewal

A social policy to tear down and rebuild which then displaces residents of low-income.

Underemployment

The condition when people work at jobs for which they are overqualified or that do not utilize their skills

Urban realms Model

A simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern North American city. it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks.

Zoning Laws

laws that dictate how real property can and cannot be used in certain areas

Urban Morphology

The layout of a city, its physical form and structure.

Second Urban Revolution

A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing

Basic sector

workers who produce goods for export or local consumption

Non Basic sector

workers who maintain the city, work in offices and provide services for others

Urban Policy

city governments encourage redevelopment by passing laws that encourage the redevelopment of blighted inner city areas-tax incentives and rezoning and the condemning of blighted regions.

Economic policy

tax incentives (TIFS) encourage the redevelopment of inner cities where land is cheaper than the expensive suburbs.

Urban Sprawl

Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.

urban geography

focuses on how cities function, their internal systems and structures, and the external influences on them

metropolitan area

a central county or counties with at least one urbanized area of at least 50,000 people, plus adjacent outlying counties with a large number of residents that commute in

urban hierarchy

from smallest to largest: hamlet, village, town, city, megalopolis. Services diversify and communities become more interdependent the communities become larger

urban elite

a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and sometimes the lives of others

mercantile city

central square became the focus of the city flanked by royal, religious, public, and private buildings: streets leading to such squares formed the beginnings of a downtown

manufacturing city

where factories attracted laborers from rural areas and other countries to tenements constructed to provide housing for factory workers

World Cities

cities generally considered to play an important role in the global economic system. 1st tier is London, New York, and Tokyo

Mega city

A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.

complementary regions

noncompeting market areas where each individual urban center and its merchants have a sales monopoly

Social area analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and life style live within an urban area.

Multiple Nuclei Model

counters that large cities develop by spreading from several nodes of growth, not just one

social class

a multi-dimensional measure that combines income, education, and occupation

Ghettoization

When forced segregation limits residential choices causing ethnic or racial minorities to be confined to older, low-cost housing areas typically close to the city's center.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

infrastructure

refers to all facilities that support basic economic activities to such a degree that a city cannot function without them

Zoning Ordinance

first developed in Europe and North America in the early 20th century, encourage spatial separation by preventing mixing of land uses within the same district

smart growth

a pattern of controlled development to limit sprawl, traffic congestion, and to reverse inner-city decline

Density Gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery. Density decreases as you move a way from the city center