sandi mclaughlin psych 101 exam 4

Psychpathology

study of mental illness and psychological disorder

psychological disorders

any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistic Manual

4 D's of psychological disorders

-Distress

-Disfunction

-Deviance

-Danger

Distress

-1/4 D's

-

Disfunction

-2/4 D's

-amount of connections in a persons life

Devience

-3/4 D's

-violation of norms

Danger

-4/4 D's

-how disconnected someone is from themselves or others (suicide)(violent)

3 P's of causality

-Predisposing

-Percipitating

-perpetuating

Predisposing cause

-focuses on the existing, underlying factors that increase the susceptibility of developing a particular disorder

-1/3 P's

- example= genetics, birth defects, alcohol, viruses

precipitating causes

-focuses on the events and experiences in daily life that may initiate the onset of a particular disorder

-2/3 P's

-example=

Perpetuating cause

-focuses on the consequences of a disorder that helps maintain psychological symtoms

-3/3 P's

Comorbidity

person diagnosed with 2+ mental disorders

dual diagnosis

comorbid existence of substance use disorder with another psychiatric or substance abuse disorder

five A's

-Alogia

-A-volition

-Anhedonia

-Affect

-A-sociality

Alogia

without speech

A-volition

without motivation

Anhedonia

without fun, pleasure, lack of interest in previously enjoyed activity

Affect

flat-without expression

A-sociality

no interest in being social

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

access or distortion of normal functions

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

decrease in functioning, less than normal behavior, poor tension, poor speech

-the five A's

diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia

people are genetically pre disposed to schizophrenia but only develop it if exposed to environmental or stress during a critical time of development

obsessions

persistent uncontrollable thoughts that cause impulses

compulsions**

irresistible impulses to perform senseless acts

Pediatric Bipolar Disorder**

what medication is often used to treat pediatric bipolar disorder?**

how many are in the DSM

250

anxiety disorder

characterized by prolonged, uncontrollable, sometimes vague feelings of worry or anxiety

-2 factors when diagnosing=disproportionality and avoidance

-cause an increase in BP

Social anxiety disorder

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

-very alert to what people think

-associated with avoidance

-12 month prevalence rate is 7%

panic attack

brief, intense episode of extreme fear characterized by abrupt onset of symptoms for ex: sweating, dizziness, light-headedness, racing heartbeat, and feelings of impending death or going crazy

panic disorder

repeated and unexpected panic attacks, along with either persistent concerns about future attacks

agoraphobia

fear of being in a place or situation in which escape is difficult or impossible

generalized anxiety disorder

continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across many areas of life functioning

-spend an average of 60% worrying each day

-muscle tension

obsessive-compulsive disorder

repeated and uncontrollable thoughts, images, or urges (obsessions) that are often followed by repetitive and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) in an effort to reduce the anxiety brought about by the obsessions

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

-emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful or traumatic event

-to qualify the event must be life threatening and symptoms must be present for more than one month

-terrible distress of cues related to this event, fear, anxiety

-reminders trigger panic

-9% experience this in lifetime

acute stress disorder

development of fear, anxiety, and other re-experiencing symptoms in response to a traumatic experience ; symptoms last between three days and one month after the trauma

major depressive disorder

-depressed mood and anhedonia (loss of interest) in most activities accompanied by 4 or more symptoms for more than 2 weeks

-symptoms include: weight loss or gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, feelings of restlessness, poor concentration and decision making, recurrent thoughts of suicide

-5-6 episodes over a lifetime(lasting 6 months)

-twice as common in woman

-12 moth prevalence rate is 7%

persistent depressive disorder

chronically depressed condition that lasts for at-least 2 years for adults and one year for children

Prementrual Dysphoric Disorder

mood swings, irritability, depressed during the week leading up to the onset of menstruation

bipolar I disorder

individuals experience at-least 1 manic episode, most individuals have recurring mood episodes, alternating between periods of mania and major depression

-increased energy, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, goal directed, involvement of pleasure that may be harmful

-1 week of elevated mood + 3 symptoms

-first episode in early 20's

Bipolar II Disorder

individuals experience at least one hypomanic episode (milder form of mania) and one major depressive episode

-no functional impairment

anorexia nervosa

-an individual purposely loses weight to a point below which is considered unhealthy

-BMI- 18.5

-fear of gaining weight or becoming fat

-unhappy with body image

-make themself throw up, use laxatives

-high mortality rate

-great students, overachievers

Overmeir and Seligman

-attribute negative outcome to internal factors as opposed to external factors.

-attribute positive outcomes to external as opposed to internal

-they make global stable attributions for failures

bulimia nervosa

-recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging behaviors meant to compensate for amount of food eaten

-normal weight to over weight

binge eating disorder

recurrent episodes of binge eating without subsequent compensatory behaviors

dissociative disorder

a condition in which normal cognitive processes are fragmented , causes sudden loss of memory or change in personality

dissociative amnesia

sudden selective memory loss following a traumatic event , memory loss about self

dissociative fugue

claim amnesia, suddenly unexpected travel

-very rare, people relocate and start a new life

dissociative identity disorder

multiple personalities, very uncommon, 95% of cases are physical/ sexual abuse

-failure to integrate memory, identity, and consciousness

-300 cases since 1970

-more common in woman

Schizophrenia

-split mind

-caused by psychosis

-characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, abnormal movements, lack of motivation

to be diagnosed must display 2 or more primary symptoms for a month with continuous signs of disturbance and interference for 6 months

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations,

5 groups of symptoms of schizophrenia

-delusion

-hallucination

-disorganized thinking

-abnormal behavior

-negative symptoms

delusions

positive symptom of schizophrenia involving fixed and rigid, false beleifs

Hallucinations

positive symptoms of schizophrenia that inloves false sensory perceptions

disorganized thinking and speech

group of symptoms of schizophrenia where individuals may think or speak in ways that are jumbled, illogical or incoherent

persecutory

belief that an individual is trying to harm themselves or a loved one

referential delusions

belief behaviors of others are targeted at them

delusions of grandeur

A false belief that one is a famous person or a powerful or important person who has some great knowledge, ability, or authority.

catatonia

symptom of schizophrenia involving abnormal motor behavior

catatonic stupor

extreme form of catatonia that involves paralysis

diasthesis-stress model

model for explaining schizophrenia that suggests people are genetically pre disposed to schizophrenia but only develop it if exposed to environmental or emotional stress during a critical time of development

schizophrenia patients have __________

6X normal amount of dopamine

-show abnormal brain structures in frontal lobe

-frontal lobe and amygdala less active

personality disorder

long-standing, rigid, and maladaptive patterns of behavior that make it difficult for individuals to sub-stain healthy social relationships

bordeline personality disorder

-involves dramatic and erratic emotions and behaviors that often include self harming behavior

-Cutting or other forms of nonsuicidal self-injury are common

3 I's of Borderline personality disorder

-Instability in relationships

-Identity disturbance (poor self-image)

-Impulsive behaviors

what percent of inmates are incarcerated

more than half

Pediatric bipolar disorder and what drugs are used to treat it

a childhood disorder involving depressive and energized episodes similar to the mood swings seen in adult bipolar disorder

- anti psychotic drugs are used to treat it (strong medication only tested in adults)

Dorthia Dix (mid 1800s)

one of the ppl who led the social reform in America in Massachusetts in 1843- launched the movement for moral treatment for mentally ill and prison reform

pinel

director of a large mental hospital in france, initiated the reform movement in the treatment of the mentally ill

- treat those in mental institutions like patients rather than prisoners

-they could move around freely

Deinstitutionalization

transferring care from institutions to communities

schizotypal disorder

shows odd behavior of unnatural thinking, "magical thinking", belief in superstition

Clifford Beers

helped for advocating for treatment and rehabilitation and cofounded national committee for mental hygiene

dream analysis

A psychoanalytic technique which focuses on discovering repressed conflicts memories that often surface symbolically in dreams

latent content

unconscious meaning of dream

manifest content

ways dreamed experienced and remembered by the dreamer

Interpretation

free association

psychodynamic therapy technique in which the therapist encourages the patient to relax his or her mind and begin reporting every image or idea that enters their conscious awareness

interpersonal psychotherapy

focuses on helping patients improve their relationships as a means to resolving their psychological problems

strengthens social skills and try's to help individual with interpersonal problems, conflicts and life transitions- effective in treatment of substance abuse and eating disorders

How do antipsychotic drugs work?

Block dopamine receptors in the brain

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy in which people learn to pair states of deep relaxation while being exposed to anxiety- provoking situations using a fear of hierarchy

flooding

immediately exposing patients to their most feared situation

fear hierarchy

list of increasingly anxiety inducing situations associated with the patients specific fear that is used in exposure therpapy

steps of systematic desensitization

1. achieve deeply relaxed almost drowsy state

2.develop a fear of hierarchy

contingency management

- form of behavior therapy in which certain behaviors are reliably followed by well-defined consequences.

-list goals for behavioral change

psychodynamic therapy

-views symptoms of a disorder as side effects of a deeper, underlying, problem that needs to be resolved

-trace their problems to child hood or past experiences

-Psychodynamic approach resolves conflicts as a child, relationships with parents as a child

-Psychodynamic therapist analyze wishes and fantasies , look recurrent themes, believe when you achieve insight symptoms will go away

Humanistic approach to therapy

-addresses psychological problems through a lens of positivity and optimism

-self actualization- help people become their best self's, use things such as active listening, focus on client subjective experience, be genuine, show unconditional positive regard

cognitive behavioral therapy

thinking

- people psychological problems can be traced to peoples beliefs and thoughts

Beck is one of lead researchers in depression

Behavioral approach to therapy

attempt to change behavior using the principles of learning

Maladaptive behavior can be learned and unlearned

Behaviorial therapist teach new behaviors and try to reinforce those

cognitive behavioral approach to therapy

focuses on interrelated nature of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

client-centered therapy

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

focuses on the pt's abilities and insights while the therapist take a nondirective and supportive role

Psychosurgery (lobotomy)

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Trephination

An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior.

-psychosurgery

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

use electros to tigger seizure in brain to treat psychiatric symptom

evidence-based practice

(check)

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

When is schizophrenia diagnosed?

Late teens/ early 20s

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

- Takes away

- Not completing self care

- Inability to keep schedule

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

- Add stimuli

- Not good but they add something to situation to make it worse

Period of time where you feel super energy, super happy

mania