Comprehensive Review: Biology, Mathematics, Technology, and Professional Education

This flashcard set covers key vocabulary across cell biology, genetics, pedagogy, technology in education, special education, and various educational philosophies found in the provided lecture transcripts.

Chromosomes

Threadlike bodies visible during cell division bearing the genes.

Mitochondria

Organelles considered the power house of the cell and provide energy to sperm.

Metaphase

A stage in mitosis wherein the chromosomes migrate and align at the equator of the spindle.

Tissue

A composition of cells with similar structures and functions.

Parenchyma

A fundamental tissue which usually has thin primary walls and no secondary walls.

Vascular

A plant tissue functioning as conducting tissues through which water and other substances move.

Epithelium

Animal tissue found in the covering or lining of all free body surfaces like the skin and digestive tract.

Nerve tissue

Tissue with a great capacity to respond to stimuli and transmit impulses.

Muscle

Tissue responsible for most movement in higher animals.

Papillae

Tiny elevations of the outer surface of the epidermis that help connect the two layers of the skin.

Lysosome

The digestive system of the cell.

Erythrocytes

Another name for red blood cells.

Vacuoles

Organelles containing food, water, and wastes; they are larger in plants.

Plastids

Organelles found in plant cells but not in animal cells.

Intussusception

The internal growth of living things.

Modern era

A period in biology characterized by the critical accumulation of information.

Metabolism

A characteristic of living things involving all physical and chemical changes food undergoes, exhibiting anabolism and catabolism.

Irritability

The characteristic where living things react to changes in the environment.

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that transports gases throughout the body.

Alveoli

Parts of the respiratory system where carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange takes place.

Placenta previa

A complicated pregnancy where the placenta develops over the opening of the cervix.

Colostrum

A thin yellowish substance that is the first secretion from the mother's breast.

Vernix caseosa

A cheesy trace covering the newborn.

Leucocytes

Another name for white blood cells.

Thrombocyte

Another name for blood platelets.

Biotic

A term referring to living things.

Math anxiety

Fear, tension, or stress associated with mathematics usually due to repetitive failures.

Constructivism

A learning theory where students build new knowledge on prior knowledge through active, social, and contextual processes.

Numbers and Number Sense

A curriculum area emphasizing the ability to think flexibly and coherently about numbers and operations.

Geometry

A branch of mathematics concerned with properties of space such as distance, shape, size, and relative position.

Statistics and Probability

A math area focused on learning about chances and finding meaningful information from datasets.

Interpersonal intelligence

The ability to understand others' emotions and work well in groups.

Intrapersonal intelligence

Self-awareness and the ability to focus on one's own feelings and identity.

Semantic Mapping

A graphic organizer used to relate pangyayari (events), kaisipan (ideas), and concepts.

Educational Technology

A systematic process focused on achieving learning goals through methods and tools, rather than just physical products.

Webquest

A research-based lesson strategy that primarily uses the World Wide Web.

Mainstreaming

Bringing students with special needs into general classrooms only when they do not require specifically designed instruction.

Inclusion

A learner-centered philosophy placing students with disabilities in general education classrooms with appropriate support.

Pathology of difference

A concept by Clough and Corbett stating society dictates aptitude and skill level based on expectations.

Learning to Know

A Delor’s Pillar focused on acquiring knowledge and developing critical thinking for lifelong learning.

Learning to Do

A Delor’s Pillar emphasizing technical, vocational, and practical skills in various situations.

Learning to Live Together

A Delor’s Pillar emphasizing cooperation, mutual understanding, and peaceful coexistence.

Universal Design for Learning (UDL)

A research-based framework to plan learning that meets the diverse needs of all students by providing equal opportunities.

Microsystem

In Bronfenbrenner’s theory, the immediate environment where the child and family belong.

Dyslexia

A learning disorder that impedes the student’s ability to read and comprehend text.

Dysgraphia

A difficulty related to the physical act of writing or written expression.

Auditory Processing Disorder

A learning disability where the brain does not recognize subtle differences between sounds in words.

Differentiated Instruction

Tailoring instruction to meet individual needs based on student readiness, interests, and learning profiles.

Nuclear Family

A family consisting of a mother, father, and their children.

Blended Family

A family structure that includes children from previous marriages of one or both parents.

Civic Consciousness

Community involvement, volunteerism, and the pure intention of helping others.

Meteorology

The study of weather and the atmosphere.

Barometer

An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.

Anemometer

A device used to measure wind speed.

Hygrometer

A device used to measure humidity.

Coriolis Effect

A phenomenon caused by the Earth’s rotation.

Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE)

The use of the learner’s first language as the primary medium of instruction to improve comprehension.

Society

A group of people living in a common territory, interacting, and sharing a common culture.

Culture

Elements including language, values, beliefs, traditions, norms, and manners shared and passed down through generations.

Essentialism

A philosophy emphasizing core knowledge and traditional academic disciplines through structured, teacher-centered instruction.

Progressivism

A philosophy emphasizing student-centered, experiential learning, collaboration, and democratic values.

Perennialism

A philosophy advocating for teaching unchanging principles and timeless Great Books.

Existentialism

A philosophy focusing on individual freedom, choice, and personal responsibility in defining one’s purpose.

Behaviorism

A philosophy focused on observable behaviors and environmental influences using rewards and punishments.

RA 4670

The Magna Carta for Public School Teachers, which protects teachers’ welfare and professional rights.

Metacognition

The process of thinking about one’s own thinking, involving knowledge, regulation, and monitoring.

Scaffolding

A Vygotsky-based technique of giving necessary assistance to a learner until they can perform a task on their own.

Conservation

A Piagetian cognitive ability to realize that certain attributes remain constant even if things change in physical appearance.