HBS EOP Study Guide

____ refers to the position that humans are in when doctors are using directional and regional terms to describe them.

Anatomical Position

____ is the front part of a human, including face and abdominal region, while_______ is the back part of a human, including shoulder blades and heels.

Anterior, posterior

______ refers to something that is higher up on the body, while ______ refers to something lower on the body.

Superior, inferior

_____________ refers to something closer to the midline, while ______________ refers to something further away from the midline.

medial, lateral

_______________ refers to something on an appendage closer to the trunk, while ______________ refers to something further away from the trunk.

proximal, distal

___________ refers to something closer to the surface of the skin, while ___________ refers to something that is further within the body.

superficial, deep

____________ refers to something associated with the spinal side of the body, while _______________ refers to something associated with the abdominal side of the body.

dorsal, ventral

Regional term: abdominal

tummy

Regional term: antecubital

where blood is taken from - inside of elbow

Regional term: axillary

armpit

Regional term: brachial

arm

Regional term: buccal

cheek

Regional term: calcaneal

heel

Regional term: carpal

hands/wrist

Regional term: cephalic

head

Regional term: cervical

neck

Regional term: coxal

upper part of pelvis - part of the hip you can feel

Regional term: digital

fingers/toes

Regional term: femoral

thigh

Regional term: gluteal

booty

Regional term: inguinal

groin

Regional term: lumbar

lower back

Regional term: nasal

nose

Regional term: occipital

back of the head

Regional term: olecranal

elbow (back)

Regional term: oral

mouth

Regional term: orbital

eye

Regional term: patellar

knee (front)

Regional term: pelvic

pelvis

Regional term: popliteal

back of knee

Regional term: sacral

tailbone

Regional term: scapular

shoulder blade

Regional term: sternal

sternum (chest/between left and right ribs)

Regional term: tarsal

feet/ankle

Regional term: thoracic

chest cavity

Regional term: umbilical

belly button

Regional term: vertebral

spine

what plane is this?

coronal plane

what plane is this?

transverse plane

The ____ divides the both into equal left & right proportions while the ___ divides them into unequal proportions

median plane, sagittal plane

Name the 6 body cavities and its two positional sides.

cranial, dorsal, pelvic, ventral, thoracic, vertebral, abdominal, abdomino-pelvic

___________s work together to form ___________s, which work together to form _________________s, which work together to make ___________ ______________s. These all together make an organism!

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Nervous, epithelial, muscle, and connective tissues

___________ tissue is made of neurons and helps receive, interpret, and respond to signals.

nervous

___________ tissue lines the outer surfaces of all organs and blood vessels.

epithelial

___________ tissue can be striated, smooth, or cardiac. Its main function is to contract.

muscle

___________ tissue supports the body. It holds organs in place, attaches muscle to bone, links bones with joints, and allows tissues to stretch; adipose (fat) is a type of connective tissue.

connective

What are the 4 types of bones (think shape)?

Flat, long, short, irregular

____are cells that help in the building of bones

Osteoblasts

___are cells that help with the breaking down of bone.

Osteoclasts

What are the four stages of fracture repair? Describe them.

Hematoma formation - blood vessels break , creating masses at the fracture sites, clots then provide the initial framework for healing

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation - New capillaries begin to form into the clotted blood in the damaged area, repair tissues is formed, closes the gap between the broken bones

Bony Callus Formation- fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by one made of spongy bone, Osteoclasts and osteoblasts move to the area and multiply

Bone Remodeling- callus is remodeled with the help of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The shape of the bones will gradually return to normal

what fracture is the left one?

spiral fracture

what fracture is the middle one?

transverse fracture

what fracture is the right one?

impact (aka comminuted)

___________ scans provide a 2D image of the interior of the body.

X-Ray

_____ scans don’t use radiation and can provide detail of very fine soft tissue.

MRI

____________ scans create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs.

CT

__________ muscle is striated and voluntary.

Skeletal

_____ muscle is not striated and involuntary.

Smooth

__________ muscle is striated and involuntary.

Cardiac

6 muscle rules

Muscles have at least two attachments and must cross at one joint

Muscles “pull” to get shorter

Attachment that moves is the insertion, attachment that is stationary is the origin

Muscles that decrease angle are flexors, increase angle are extensors

Muscles work in opposing pairs

Muscle striations point to attachment and show the pull of direction

Differentiate between: Rotation and Circumduction

rotation is around the axis, circumduction is circular

Differentiate between: Abduction and Adduction

abduction moves away from midline; adduction moves toward

Differentiate between: Depression and Elevation

depression lowers; elevation raises

Differentiate between: Flexion and Extension

flexion decreases angle; extension increases angle

Differentiate between: Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion

plantar flexion points toes down; dorsiflexion raises toes up

In a muscle, the ____________ refers to the attachment that does not move

origin

In a muscle, the ______ refers to the attachment that does move.

insertion

______________ joints are fixed - primarily made of collagen.

Fibrous

______________ joints have some movements - primarily hyaline cartilage.

Cartilaginous

______________ joints are moveable - they contain synovial fluid to reduce friction.

Synovial

List the 6 types of joints

Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, plane, condyloid

What is the purpose of a goniometer?

to measure joint range of motion.

__________ of __________ refers to the amount of movement each joint can do. It properly assesses injuries and helps measure progress through physical therapy.

Range, motion

What type of injury is diagnosed with the posterior drawer test?

PCL injury

What type of injury is diagnosed with the valves stress test?

MCL injury

What type of injury is diagnosed with the varus stress test?

LCL injury

What type of injury is diagnosed with the anterior drawer test?

ACL injury

___________ motion is the type of motion that occurs when your knees are tilted in and your toes are pointed out.

Valgus

________ motion is the type of motion that occurs when your knees are bent outwards.

Varus

Differentiate between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

The central nervous system deals with the brain and spinal cord of the body and receives, processes, then sends signals to the rest of the body while the peripheral nervous system deals with the rest of the nerves of the body and receives those signals.

______________ is the area of the brain containing the four lobes.

Cerebrum

The four lobes are: ___________, ___________, ______________, and ______________.

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

The _______________ is the area of the brain underneath the cerebrum that helps with muscle control and balance.

cerebellum

The _______________ consist of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. It helps with breathing, blood pressure regulation, and sleeping.waking.

brain stem

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Behavior and personality, planning, voluntary muscle movements, mood, emotions, social interactions, and attention

Frontal lobe

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Processing smell and sound, language understanding

Temporal lobe

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Sensing touch, temperature, pressure, and pain, spatial processing, language, and memory

Parietal lobe

Name the part of the brain based on its function: Visual Perception

Occipital lobe

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Muscular coordination and balance

Cerebellum

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Breathing, blood pressure, sleeping and waking

Brain stem

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Center for pain perception

Thalamus

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Communication between hemispheres of the brain

Corpus callous

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Coordinates autonomic nervous system, pituitary gland, body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, and emotion

Hypothalamus

Name the part of the brain based on its function:
Long Term memory

Hippocampus

_________ refer to the ridges on the brain, while ___________ refer to the valleys within the ridges of the brain.

Gyri, sulci

_________ are cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons.

Glial cells

__________ neurons send signals to the brain, while ____________ send signals within the brain. __________ neurons send signals to muscles.

sensory, interneurons, motor

The ______________ uses ATP to diffuse 3 ________ ions out of the cell and 2 ___________ ions into the cell to maintain resting potential.

sodium-potassium pump, sodium, potassium

Resting membrane potential is ___________ mV.

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