Skeletal (U8) Review

Fibrous joint

sagittal sutures in the skull; consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue that hold bones together

Cartilaginous joint

fibrocartilage disc between vertebrae; allows only slight movement and consists of bones connected entirely by cartilage

Synovial joint

fully movable joint with a synovial cavity between articulating bones; examples: hip, elbow, knee

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis

free movement joint

Hinge joint

allows flexion and extension; examples: knee, elbow

Pivot joint

allows rotation of one bone around another; examples: atlantoaxial joint (C1/C2), radioulnar joint

Condyloid joint

joints between metacarpals and phalanges; wrist

Ball and socket joint

found at hips and shoulders; allows movement in many directions

Saddle joint

found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation

Plane joint

short slipping or gliding movements; example: carpals in wrist

Elbow ligaments

ulnar collateral ligament, annular ligament

Knee tendons

lateral collateral ligament, medial collateral ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, medial meniscus, lateral meniscus

Biceps tendon

distal tendon anchors on radial tuberosity; proximal tendon anchors on head of humerus

Achilles tendon

attaches calf muscle to calcaneus

Patella tendon

associated with jumper's knee; attaches quadricep muscle to tibial tuberosity

Rheumatoid Arthritis

chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling causing deformities

Osteoarthritis

degenerative arthritis; articular cartilage wears away over time

Hyaline cartilage

most common cartilage; abundant collagen fibers and rubbery matrix; found at ends of bones

Fibrous cartilage

cartilage with little ground substance and collagen-dominated matrix; found in high-stress areas such as between vertebrae

Jumper's Knee

patellar tendinitis

Ligament

fibrous connective tissue that holds bone to bone

Ulnar collateral ligament

holds medial epicondyle of humerus to coronoid process of ulna

Annular ligament

encircles the head of the radius

Radial collateral ligament

connects lateral epicondyle of humerus to annular ligament

Transverse carpal ligament

connects carpal bones on medial and lateral sides of wrist

Meniscus

fibrocartilage disc that reduces friction between femur and tibia; medial and lateral

Medial Collateral Ligament

connects medial epicondyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia; resists medial force

Lateral Collateral Ligament

connects lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula; resists lateral force

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

originates on distal femur notch and inserts on tibial plateau; resists rotation and anterior translation of tibia

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

connects posterior tibia to medial femoral condyle; resists posterior motion of tibia

Greenstick fracture

occurs in young bone that bends and then breaks

Fissured fracture

bone splits along its axis; caused by downward force

Comminuted fracture

complete fracture where bone fragments; caused by high-impact injury

Oblique fracture

runs diagonally across bone shaft; caused by slanted blow

Spiral fracture

caused by torque on bone; often when body part moves while rest of body is planted

Transverse fracture

break straight across bone; caused by sharp direct blow

Simple fracture

fracture of bone only with no surrounding tissue damage

Compound fracture

bone breaks through skin; caused by high-energy trauma

Compression fracture

collapse of vertebrae due to trauma or weakened bone (osteoporosis/osteogenesis imperfecta)

Depressed fracture

skull fracture where bone displaces inward; due to blunt force trauma

Nondisplaced fracture

bone cracks partially or fully but maintains proper alignment

Displaced fracture

bone snaps into 2 or more parts and ends are not aligned