Form Academics

What is #1's primary job?

Clearing for the flight

What is #2's Primary job?

Don't hit #1 (Deconfliction from #1), secondary is clearing for the flight.

Where is the highest potential for a mid-air while flying formation?

Another aircraft within the formation

If you collide with another aircraft in the formation, what should you do?

Do not attempt to maintain formation, go to separate MOA's and obtain separate chase ships

When must #2 break out of the formation?

Hazards, In-front of or Under #1, Told To, Lost Sight (Going Blind) (HITS)

What is the difference between "Lost Sight" and "Lost Wingman"?

Lost Sight- VMC, Lost Wingman-IMC

What must you do if you call blind?

Call "blind" with Altitude/ Maintain 1,000-foot vertical separation.

What are the 5 lost wingman procedures?

· Wings Level- 15⁰ BANK FOR 15 SECOINDS THEN RESUME COURSE

· Turning into #2- Reduce Power, tell #1 to ROLL OUT

· Turning away from #2-REVERSE DIRECTION 15⁰ of bank for 15 Seconds before resuming course

· Final Approach-Momentarily turn away, climb to FAF or Glideslope Intercept Altitude

· Missed approach- Momentarily turn away, fly published missed approach to 500 feet above published altitude.

What are the two types of overshoots?

Turning rejoin, Straight ahead rejoin.

When are overshoots the most safe and effective?

When the decision is made early

What is the spacing required for a Turning overshoot?

Two ship widths behind #1, stabilize on the outside of turn (under control with no LOS)

If you are in front of the 3/9 line does this mean you are in front of #1 and are required to do a breakout?

No, if in front of the 3/9 line execute an overshoot and slowly slide back into position

When should all checklists be accomplished during the preflight?

Prior to check-in time. If delayed, make a call on discrete and state what you need.

When taxing behind another aircraft in formation, what must your spacing be?

· Staggered Taxi-75 feet

· Center Line- 150 feet

How should you accomplish checklists while taxing?

One item at a time

At the EOR who should be utilizing TAS/ Squawk?

#1 should be, #2 will leave them in the off position.

What are the requirements for formation takeoffs?

· Crosswinds must be less than 15 Knots.

· No slush, ice, snow, or standing water on runway.

· Must have greater than or equal to circling minimums or 500' ceiling, 1.5 miles visibility whichever is greater.

· Minimum runway width: 150 ft

What side of the runway should #1 take if the crosswind is greater than 5 knots?

Downwind half (#2 can avoid prop wash)

If winds are NOT a factor (less than 5 knots of crosswind), which side of the runway should #2 use?

· VMC: Put wingman on side that is on inside of first turn out of traffic (gives #2 a power advantage)

· IMC: Put wingman on side that is on outside of first turn to simplify execution of Lost Wingman if necessary.

What is the minimum wingtip spacing for formation takeoff?

20 feet

For a formation takeoff what torque should both aircraft initial set before brake release, what about when rolling?

· Both aircraft will set 30%, then #1 will set 85-95%, #2 will utilize power as required.

Why would we not utilize a formation takeoff and use an interval takeoff?

· Winds or weather make formation takeoff too hazardous.

· Calculated Minimum Power at 60 KIAS is less than 85% (not likely to occur)

What are the requirements for an interval takeoff?

· Runway width of at least 75 ft

· 1500' ceiling and 3 miles visibility

If winds are not a factor for an interval takeoff, where should you put #2?

· Place #2 on the same side of runway as the first turn out of traffic.

What is the minimum separation for formation take off and the power utilized for an interval takeoff?

6 seconds, Max power

What airspeed should #1 maintain until #2 is in position after takeoff?

160 Knots

What is the position of Fingertip?

30 degrees aft (or 6 aspect), Slightly below, 10 Ft wingtip clearance

How do you correct for spacing?

One thing at a time, Stack(vertical), Line (Fore-Aft), Spacing(in-out)

What is the position for Route?

Line abreast to 30 degrees aft, Two ship widths to 500 feet, Level

What is the maximum bank angle for route turns?

60 degrees

What should you look for when flying as #2 on the inside and outside of a turn in Route?

Turns away- In-Plane, spinner on horizon.

Turns towards- Drop down slightly to keep #1 in sight over canopy rail.

What is the required separation for a Cross Under?

Nose/Tail separation

When should you conduct a G-awareness exercise?

When maneuvers will be 3 or more G's

In what direction should all Echelon Turns be made?

AWAY from #2

What is the maximum bank angle for Echelon Turns?

60 degrees

What are the Parameters for Wing work?

Max Bank of approximately 90 degrees, Pull 2-3G's, Min airspeed of 120 Knots.

What are the Parameters for Clos Trail?

Max Bank of approximately 90 degrees, Pull 2-3G's, Min airspeed of 120 Knots.

What is the spacing requirements for Close Trail?

1-2 Ship Lengths

What is the radio call #2 will make when getting into position in closed trail?

"CALLSIGN,2's IN"

For in-flight planning and area orientation, what are the jobs of #1 and #2?

#1- Keep formation within Airspace, Maintain SA for formation

#2- Strive to be in position, Accomplish all maneuvers safely and efficiently.

When is pitching out not a viable option?

When going to/from the moa, insufficient airspace

What is a pitchout?

Typically, a 180 degree turn at 60 degrees of bank, can be preformed in level, climbing, or descending turns.

What speed should a Straight ahead rejoin be flown at, what should #2 be looking for?

180 knots, Maintain 6 o'clock (0 aspect) until closing into 500'

•At 500': •Aircraft markings and pitot tubes become visible

•Make a small heading change toward the desired side, velocity vector is away from #1

•You are aiming to arrive at the 2-4 ship width route position

What is the visual signal for a Rejoin?

(60 degrees or more) slow wing rock, returning to wings-level from far away, but a rapid shallow wing rock could be used close up

How much airspeed should #2 utilize to rejoin?

20-30 knots of overtake.

What does a Fast Continuous wing-rock mean?

Attention in the air/ Lost comms

What should you be able to define at 500 feet on another aircraft?

The Letters on the Tail

What should you be able to identify at 300 feet from another aircraft?

Numbers on the Tail

What is Velocity Vector?

Where your aircraft is pointing, controlled by flight controls, magnitude is changed by changing airspeed.

What is Lift Vector?

The force used to make an aircraft turn, controlled by ailerons, magnitude controlled by elevator (Pulling G's)

If #1 is moving forward in your canopy you have what type of LOS?

Forward LOS

If #1 is moving aft in your canopy you have what type of LOS?

Aft LOS

If there is no movement of #1 in your canopy what type of LOS is this?

Zero LOS

You can have closure with what type of LOS rates?

All of them, managing the rate at which this is happening is KEY.

What is Angle off?

Angle between #1s heading and #2s heading, also referred to as Heading Crossing Angle.

What is Aspect Angle?

Angle between the longitudinal axis of #1 (measured from a line going from #1s cockpit straight out the tail) to #2

What are the three types of pursuit curves?

Lead, Pure, Lag

If you have a leading pursuit curve, what should be happening with your aspect angle, closure, and angle off?

aspect increases, Closure Increases, Angle off decreases.

If you have a Pure pursuit curve, what should be happening with your aspect angle, closure, and angle off?

Aspect remains the same, Closure increases, angle off remains the same.

If you have a lag pursuit curve, what should be happening with your aspect angle, closure, and angle off?

Aspect angle decreases, closure decreases, angle off increases.

What is the position of fighting wing?

30 to 45 degrees off of tail, 500 to 1,000 feet, do not be parked (stagnate) at the 6'oclock behind #1.

If #1 directs you with hand signals to take lead, when do you officially take lead?

When passing the 3-9 line and #2 head nods

What are the three ways to recover to land?

· Recovery to the overhead (VFR pattern) to separate landings

· VFR straight-in to a formation landing

· Instrument approach to a formation landing (If weather is below minimums for a formation approach the only option will be to "split the flight" for separate approaches)

What are the requirements for a formation Instrument Approach Procedure?

· 500' or greater and at least 1.5 miles visibility

· No standing water, ice, or snow on the runway

· Crosswinds less than 15 knots

What should you do for a Formation Approach?

· Position #2 on the upwind side if winds are a factor.

· Confirm below 150 KIAS and signal (radio call or visual signal) to lower gear and flaps.

· Both aircraft will set TO Flaps unless otherwise briefed

· Once configured maintain 110 KIAS minimum, 120 KIAS recommended on the instrument approach unless winds dictate otherwise.

· Must plan ahead for descent gradients and avoid rapid power changes or control movements that make it difficult on #2

· Use 20% torque minimum as #1, leaves #2 something work with.

· If planning a penetration turn: put #2 on outside of the turn.

On IMC final as #2 when can you move to the "stack level" position?

Once you break out of the weather and no later than ½ mile from the runway

If a crosswind is a factor on formation landing, where should #1 place #2?

Upwind side

Are formation landings allowed in AETC?

No

What are the procedures for #1 and #2 on a formation missed approach?

#1- Smoothly advance power to approximately 75%, Smoothly establish missed approach attitude (10-15° nose high).#2- Anticipate raising the gear/flaps, Use normal formation takeoff procedures.

What type of turns are used for Formation Overheads?

Echelon Turns are standard.

Where should #1 position #2 for formation overheads?

Prior to initial, position #2 on the correct side Opposite of the turn

How should #2 delay his break for a formation overhead?

5 Second delay between #1's break, then conduct a "slightly" wider ground track than #1, but DO NOT follow a poorly flown patter, go around or break out if needed.

During a formation takeoff, what should #2 do if #1 aborts?

Max power and continue the take off

If both aircraft need to abort on takeoff during a formation takeoff what should #1 say?

"CALLSIGN FLIGHT, Abort, Abort, Abort"

If #1 aborts on an interval takeoff and #2 is below abort speed, what should #2 do?

Abort

If #1 aborts on an interval takeoff and #2 is above abort speed, what should #2 do?

Continue the takeoff.

When is the term knock it off used?

Safety of flight related issues (traffic, Moa boundary, SA lost, Overflown Bingo)

What should #1 do if knock it off is called?

Continue flying the maneuver, being predictable for #2

When is the term Terminate used?

Utilized for anything other than Safety of flight (AT bingo, spacing, DLO's met, out of position)

What are the advantages of formation?

Built in chase ship, mutual support, checklists, confirm actions, fly ahead as weather ship.

How many times should you offer lead if an Emergency happens to #2?

Offer lead 3 times, when it occurs, on recovery, VFR, or visual to navigate to the field, and on final with field in sight.

What should you not do if an aircraft has to conduct an ELP in your formation?

Chase them through an ELP

At what altitude should #1 execute a go-around if guiding #2 with lost comms?

300 Feet Go-around

In what situations would the Emergency aircraft not take lead?

Navigation/ communication issues

What is the acronym used for visual signal emergencies, how do you show them?

Hydraulic, Electric, Fuel, Oxygen, Engine (HEFOE), Utilize number of fingers to show other aircraft information your issue.

What is the Hand signal for needing to descend?

Hand held high swooping down.

What is the Hand signal for needing to land?

Hand held high swooping down then flaring.

What is the Hand signal for needing to land IMMEDIATELY?

Thumbs Down behind your shoulder

What is the Hand signal for needing to land on wing?

Pat your shoulder

Which aircraft leads back for a physiological incident?

The aircraft having the issue.

If an aircraft in your formation has to eject, what should you do?

Do not under fly their parachute, and do not go past your bingo fuel, reference the IFG for on search and rescue and on scene commander.

What is the Hand signal for receiver failure?

Hand held next to ear shaking it back and forth.

What is the Hand signal for Transmitter failure?

Hand held in front of mask then shaking it back and forth.

What is the difference between Visual and Tally?

Visual is talking about aircraft inside your formation, Talley is used for spotting aircraft outside of the formation.

How should you describe a threat to the flight?

Be directive, then descriptive (do not choose the answer Traffic Left 3'Oclock... Its your 9 o'clock on your left.)

What is the difference between "Texan II, Go" vs "Texan II, Push"?

· Go- #2 will respond with "2", Push- #2 will not respond.

What is the reason for a pitchout?

•Generate separation between flight members

•Setup for rejoin practice (most common)

•Create spacing at the break point in the VFR pattern to allow for individual landings

If in fingertip what position do you go to to accomplish a checklist or frequency change?

Route 2-4 ship widths, then back to finger tip.

Lazy 8 Wingwork parameters

Bank

Gs

Airspeed

Max bank approx 90

2-3Gs

Min airspeed 120KIAS

How do you do a frequency change in IMC?

Remain in fingertip. Crew concept to coordinate the frequency change.