ETSU- PHIL-2640-004- Science and Modern World-Final Exam

What is a created controversy?

an issue is not in dispute (among appropriate experts) but on which the public confusion persists, there may be evidence that such confusion is created intentionally by certain groups

How is creating controversy a helpful strategy for those who don't like some particular conclusion?

It allows them to create their own conclusion that supports their claim and perhaps even get others to believe it.

also, create confusion and doubt by groups motivated by profit.

What is meant by the phrase "motivated reasoning"?

When someone construct, and evealute arguments in a bias form.

How would the Earth's climate be different if all atmospheric gases were transparent to all infrared radiation?

All infrared radiation would escape the atmosphere and the earth would be much colder.

The estimates of Arrhenius and Hogbom, concerning human effects on the climate, included two important assumptions, understandable but mistaken. What were these assumptions?

Arrhenius said atmospheric CO2 would reduce average global temperatures by 8 degrees farenhait

Hogbom calculated the amount of co2 add to the atmos[her was less that 1000th of that already in the atmosphere.

What does the Keeling curve measure?

CO2 levels in Mauna loa, Hawaii, and Antarctica (conentration of carbon dioxide in the atmospher)

Whose theory related ice ages to variations in the Earth's orbit?

Milan Kovitch

1. Which of the following are transparent to infrared radiation: Oxygen, nitrogen, CO2, methane

oxygen and nitrogen

1. What is the decadal instrumental record going back to the 1980s?

Tempatures within the earths climate

1. Scientists use air bubbles from ice cores to measure and infer what?

Greenhouse gas and climate tempetures from earhs history

1. What is the main complication in evaluating the effect of cloud coverage on climate patterns?

Clouds reflect solar radiation back into space and abosorbe infrared and because tha are both cool and warming the balance is unknown

1. How do climate models provide evidence that human greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for recent climate change?

They show how anthropogenic climate change is more evident know due to human activity and increase in greenhouse gases

What are the three most significant ways in which human activity produces greenhouse gas emissions?

Burning in fossal fuel, deforestation, and factories

1. What is the biggest health concern associated with global warming?

Access to fresh water

1. What are the four ways in which the science/religion relationship was conceived by Barbour?

1) sceinec and religon are in conflict=forced to choose

2) independent fields=they answer diffrent questions

3)Fruitful diologue= each can inform areas of mutal intrest.

4)integration=both uniied within one though

1. For purposes of reconciling scientific and religious views, what's one significant problem with "Independence"?

They are both so active in the real world and at times play hand in hand that dependance Is impossible

1. For purposes of reconciling scientific and religious views, what's a significant challenge for "Dialogue"?

because generally the answers and opions are diffrent

1. Why is 'teach the controversy' a dubious strategy?

Than any controversy can be taought and possibly lead people astray

1. Why is it a mistake to think that evolutionary theory implies complex organs and organisms arose by chance?

because eveolutionary theroy implies that you have varients in a populationa and they are a bundant, than the dominat character istice will spread though pecies overtime and turn into a variation of tht speices.

1. CO2 occurs naturally in the atmosphere. Why is this a poor reason for supposing it can't be harmful?

there are many substance that accour naturally and some are still fatal.

Less than 1% of the atmosphere is CO2. Why is this a poor reason for supposing it can't be harmful?

some sustance af=re still fatal even in small doses

1. What does the Suess effect predict?

The proportion of carbon-14, relative to the total carbon in the atmosphere , should decline

1. Why is 'natural variability' a problematic explanation of recent climate change?

It's too vaguge

it's tension with several well-establishe facts

1. What proportion of climate researchers support the tenets of anthropogenic climate change?

at least 97%

1. True or false: the cycle of ice ages is the result of variations in atmospheric CO2.

false

1. How quickly could eyes evolve from a patch of light sensitive cells, according to Nilsson and Pelger?

less than 400,00 YEARS

1. What percentage of scientists in the biological and medical fields declared a belief in God, according to a 2009 poll?

51%

1. Explain the difference between methodological naturalism and metaphysical naturalism.

methodological naturalism-entails the beilf that for one reason or another empirical methods will only asert natural facts , weather supernatural facts exist or not.

Metaphysical Naturalism- entails the belief that nature is all that exists