learning

Learning

Relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.

Classical conditioning

learning based on repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a response that was not previously produced.

Operant conditioning

Learning process whereby the consequences of a behaviour determine the likelihood that it will occur again.

Antecedent (A)

Environmental stimulus that precedes the situation.

Behaviour (B)

The action that has an effect on the environment to generate a consequence.

Consequence (C)

The event that follows the behaviours outcome

Positive reinforcement

Adding something and the behaviour is likely to be reproduced in the future.

Negative reinforcement

Removing something and the behaviour is likely to be reproduced in the future.

Positive punishment

Adding something and the behaviour is unlikely to be reproduced in the future.

Negative punishment

Removing something and the behaviour is unlikely to be reproduced in the future.

Observational learning

Learning involving watching behaviour of a model and associated consequence of behaviour.

Attention

Learner actively watching model behaviour and consequences.

Retention

Learner storing mental representation of the behaviour.

Reproduction

Learner has mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour.

Motivation

Learner has desire to imitate the behaviour.

Reinforcement

Learner experiences positive outcome after performing the behaviour (more likely to repeat).

Intrinsic motivation

Occurs within individual.

Extrinsic motivation

Occurs external to individual.

Self reinforcement

Behaviour reinforced through internal factors.

External reinforcement

Behaviour reinforced by external factors.

Vicarious reinforcement

Behaviour reinforced by observing reinforcement of another.

Country

All entities including all living and non-living entities.

Multimodal system in aboriginal peoples

Can be heard, observed, tasted, felt; e.g. story, song, dance, art.

Songlines

Song narratives linked to a navigation route on country to convey information such as different plants and people.

Memory

Active info processing system that receives, organises, stores and recovers info acquired through learning.

Encoding

Info converted into a code to be stored in the memory.

Storage

Info retained over time in the brain.

Retrieval

Info recovered from storage when needed.

Sensory memory

A store of memory that very briefly stores raw info detected by the senses.

Ionic memory

Stores visual sensory info with a duration of 0.2 - 0.4 sec and unlimited capacity.

Echoic memory

Stores auditory sensory info with a duration of 3 - 4 sec and unlimited capacity.

Short term memory

A store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of info that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated.

Duration of short term memory

Duration of 18 - 20 sec.

Capacity of short term memory

Capacity of 7 ± 2 bits.

Chunking

grouping of separate pieces of info into a larger unit

Long term memory

A store of memory that stores a relatively unlimited amount of info for a relatively permanent amount of time.

Implicit/ procedural memory

Formed and retrieved unintentionally and unconsciously.

Explicit/ declarative memory

Formed and retrieved intentionally and consciously.

Semantic memory

Consists of general knowledge facts.

Episodic memory

Consists of personal experiences of events.

Hippocampus

encoding explicit memories.

Amygdala

Encoding emotional explicit memories.

Neocortex

Stores explicit memories.

Basal ganglia

Encodes and stores procedural memories associated with unconscious habits and behaviours.

Cerebellum

Encodes and stores implicit procedural memories accociated with reflexes

Conditioned response

Response learned through conditioning.

kinship

A persons responsibilities towards people, the land and resources

Unconscious learning

Learning that occurs without intentional effort.

Autobiographical memories

episodes/ events recalled from a persons life (semantic and episodic of an event)

Imagined futures

Mentally transporting ourselves to another time, place or perspective

Alzheimers disease

Neurodegenerative disease as gradual widespread degenration of the brains neurons

Alzheimers disease causes

build up of amyloid plaques around neurons that inhibit synaptic communication and tau accumulates forming neurofibrillary tangles to inhibit transfer of essential substances

Aphantasia

inability to use visual imagery to picture something in the minds eye

Alzheimers disease effects

significant memory loss, decline in cognitive and social skills, distrupting STM LTM and mood

Mnemonic techniques

Techniques to enhance memory using imagery and making mental accociations between new info and info already stored in long term memory

Acronyms

Uses first letter of items to be remembered as a single pronounceable word

Acrostics

First letter of each word use to create a phrase that functions as a cue to help recall

Method of loci

Items converted into mental images and accociated with specific positions or locations of a certain place

aquired aphantsaia

presnet after brain damage/ significant psychological event