learning

Learning

Relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.

Classical conditioning

learning based on repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a response that was not previously produced.

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Stimuli that produces a naturally occurring involuntary response.

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Involuntary response occurring automatically as a result of the UCS.

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Stimulus that does not initially cause the involuntary response.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Developed from the NS through repeated association with UCS.

Conditioned response (CR)

Learned response produced by CS.

Operant conditioning

Learning process whereby the consequences of a behaviour determine the likelihood that it will occur again.

Antecedent (A)

Environmental stimulus that precedes the situation.

Behaviour (B)

The action that has an effect on the environment to generate a consequence.

Consequence (C)

The event that follows the behaviours outcome

Positive reinforcement

Adding something and the behaviour is likely to be reproduced in the future.

Negative reinforcement

Removing something and the behaviour is likely to be reproduced in the future.

Positive punishment

Adding something and the behaviour is unlikely to be reproduced in the future.

Negative punishment

Removing something and the behaviour is unlikely to be reproduced in the future.

Observational learning

Learning involving watching behaviour of a model and associated consequence of behaviour.

Attention

Learner actively watching model behaviour and consequences.

Retention

Learner storing mental representation of the behaviour.

Reproduction

Learner has mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour.

Motivation

Learner has desire to imitate the behaviour.

Reinforcement

Learner experiences positive outcome after performing the behaviour (more likely to repeat).

Intrinsic motivation

Occurs within individual.

Extrinsic motivation

Occurs external to individual.

Self reinforcement

Behaviour reinforced through internal factors.

External reinforcement

Behaviour reinforced by external factors.

Vicarious reinforcement

Behaviour reinforced by observing reinforcement of another.

Country

All entities including all living and non-living entities.

Learning through country

Learning happens through relationships with country.

Multimodal system in aboriginal peoples

Can be heard, observed, tasted, felt; e.g. story, song, dance, art.

Kinship

A person's responsibilities towards people, the land, and resources.

Dadirri

Learning about country through listening and observing changes in a landscape.

Songlines

Song narratives linked to a navigation route on country to convey information such as different plants and people.

Memory

Active info processing system that receives, organises, stores and recovers info acquired through learning.

Encoding

Info converted into a code to be stored in the memory.

Storage

Info retained over time in the brain.

Retrieval

Info recovered from storage when needed.

Sensory memory

A store of memory that very briefly stores raw info detected by the senses.

Ionic memory

Stores visual sensory info with a duration of 0.2 - 0.4 sec and unlimited capacity.

Echoic memory

Stores auditory sensory info with a duration of 3 - 4 sec and unlimited capacity.

Short term memory

A store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of info that is consciously being attended to and actively manipulated.

Duration of short term memory

Duration of 18 - 20 sec.

Capacity of short term memory

Capacity of 7 ± 2 bits.

Chunking

grouping of separate pieces of info into a larger unit

Long term memory

A store of memory that stores a relatively unlimited amount of info for a relatively permanent amount of time.

Implicit/ procedural memory

Formed and retrieved unintentionally and unconsciously.

Explicit/ declarative memory

Formed and retrieved intentionally and consciously.

Semantic memory

Consists of general knowledge facts.

Episodic memory

Consists of personal experiences of events.

Hippocampus

Primarily involved in encoding explicit memories.

Amygdala

Primarily involved in encoding emotional memories.

Neocortex

Stores explicit memories.

Basal ganglia

Encodes and stores procedural memories associated with unconscious habits and behaviours.

Cerebellum

Encodes and stores implicit procedural memories.

Conditioned response

Response learned through conditioning.

DADIRRI

Learning about country through deep listening and observation.

kinship

A persons responsibilities towards people, the land and resources

Unconscious learning

Learning that occurs without intentional effort.

maintance rehearsal

repeating info over and over so it can be retained in STM

elaborative rehearsal

linking new info in a meaningful way with info already stored in memory or other new info