Unit 11 Chapter 10

personality

What is personality?

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

different perspectives of psychology on personality….

psychodynamic, humanistic, personality/trait, social-cognitive

**psychodynamic** aspect on personality and founders

ppl are struggling between their animalistic instincts and societal pressure

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**Freud, Carl Jung**, etc.

psychoanalytical vs. psychodynamic

analytical is more of Freud’s OG concepts of unconscious

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dynamic is a mixture of incorporating more conscious aspects by neo-Freudians…

free association

method of exploring the unconscious where a person says whatever comes to mind freely

latent vs. manifest content

latent: unconscious MEANING of the dream (whole dream) (latent, later, later in dream as symbols come first and you put it together…like bottom up processing!)

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manifest: SYMBOLS that disguise true meaning (parts of dream)

libido

the energy of the sexual and aggressive drive (must be redirected during social development!!!)

Freud’s psychic determinism

mental (psychic) events do not occur by chance but always have an underlying cause that can be uncovered by analysis. / claims that human behaviour is the result of childhood experiences and innate drives (id, ego and superego)

ego:

superego:

id:

ego: __**reality**__ (in between, makes sense of both id and superego)

superego: conscience (internalized ideas, restrain, morality)

id: pleasure (unconscious, immediate gratification)

freud’s psychosexual phases

oral: pleasure centers around mouth

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anal: pleasure centers around bowel

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Phallic: pleasure centers around genitals, learning to cope (penis envy)

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latency: pleasure centers around dormant sexual feelings

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genitals: pleasure centers around *matured* sexual feelings

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**Freud believed that the** __**id**__ **focused on certain parts of the body (**__**erogenous zones**__**) as we grew up**

how does the Oedipus complex strengthen superego?

through **identification** (*repressing oedipus feelings and trying to identify with rival parent/become like them*) they strengthen their superego as they __incorporate many of their parent’s values.__

fixation

if a lingering pleasure seeking feeling is UNRESOLVED at a certain psychosexual stage, that person might be fixated on that stage which could affect them as they grow up

Freud proposed that the ego (reality) protects itself by…

using defense mechanisms! __**tactics that redirect anxiety by distorting reality**__

compensation

one part of your life isn’t going well so you try to compensate for that by focusing on another part where you do better.

regression

retreat to an earlier psychosexual stage

reaction formation

you know your feeling is unacceptable so you display the opposite (kind of forced feelings/lies)

projection

take our own feelings and put them onto somebody else because you don’t want to attribute it to yourself

rationalization

self-justifying/ rationalize why its not your fault.

displacement

shifting aggression to another person/thing because you can’t feel that way about the initial person/thing

sublimation

re-channel frustrations into a socially acceptable way :) (maybe healthy)

denial

refusing to admit there is a problem

repression

basic defense mechanism that underlies all the other defense mechanisms… however, it is often incomplete and we make slip-ups…

Freudian slips

freud believed that we could glimpse the unconscious seeping through with jokes, “expressions of repressed sexual and aggressive tendencies”

neo-freudians

people who adapted Freud’s ideologies with some changes

* Alfred adler
* Carl Jung
* karen Horney

Alfred Adler

* **inferiority complex (**we constantly strive for feelings of superiority)
* believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings that trigger our strivings for superiority and power

Carl Jung

* believed the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings
* **collective unconscious** (a coon reservoir of images, or archetypes derived from our species’ universal experiences) / **ARCHETYPES**

Karen Horney (who isn’t really a karen)

* said **childhood anxiety** triggers our desire for love and security
* opposed Freud’s *assumptions about women* and attempted to balance his masculine ideas

projective tests (thematic apperception test)

a test where people express their inner feelings and interest through __stories__ they make up about ambiguous scenes (projecting, etc.)

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\-most famous, the Rorschach Inkblot test, gives people symmetrical ink blobs and tells them to make stories and then analyzes it.

personality inventory

a personality assessment device that usually consists of a series of statements covering various characteristics and behavioral patterns to which the participant responds by choosing among fixed answers, such as true, false

MMPI-2

standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology. most common for emotional disorders

empirically derived test?

person-situation controversy

controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person's behavior. Personality trait psychologists believe that a person's personality is relatively consistent across situations

**humanistic** aspect on personality and founders

ppl seek growth and strive to become a better self

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**Carl Rogers, Maslow**

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

physiological, safety, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization, transcendence

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stated that __if these needs are met we strive to self actualize=become better self__

unconditional positive regard

when people are accepting, they offer an attitude of grace that values us even knowing our failings.

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Rogers believed that it would help us develop self awareness and self acceptance.

self concept

positive self concept → act and perceive world positively

negative self concept → dissatisfied and unhappy

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self efficacy: individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce *specific* performance attainments

**social-cognitive** aspect on personality and founders

ppl behave according to societal expectations and how they solve social problems

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**Kelley, Mischel, Bandura**

most important starting point in the social-cognitive theory is…

behavior! it is viewed as influenced by the __interaction__ of *traits and social context*

locus of control

the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives - ROTTER

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external: outcome is determined by factors outside of your control

internal: high expectations of being able to exert control over own life

Albert bandura

proposed that our personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits (including our ***thoughts and feelings***), our **environment**, and our **behaviors**

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\-self-efficacy

\-successfulness

\-observational learning

\-reciprocal determinism

reciprocal determinism

interaction of your **mental state, your behavior, and the environment** (all can affect the other!)

**personality/trait** aspect on personality and founders

ppl exhibits CONSISTENT psychological traits (**predictable**!!!)

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**Alport, Eysenck, briggs-Myers**

ALPORT SAID…

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cardinal trait:

central trait:

secondary trait:

cardinal trait (rare): a trait that is so strong and dominant that it is the only thing that defines someone

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central trait: strong traits, but not the only ones we possess

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secondary trait: traits we possess but aren’t the ones that show the most

Raymond Cattell…

used factor analysis (clustering traits that are typically found together) to identify 16 personality factors

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\-factors were BIPOLAR (trust vs. mistrust …)

Eysenck believed…

TWO DIMENSIONS

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extraversion vs. introversion

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emotional stability vs. instability

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\-proposed that BIOLOGICAL CAUSES were behind the different levels of each factor?!

common myth of introversion

NOT SHYNESS; seek low levels of stimulation because they are more *sensitive*

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae

FIVE FACTOR THEORY

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Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

neuroticism

degree to which a person experiences the world as distressing, threatening, and unsafe.

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emotional stability vs. emotional chaos

barnum effect

cognitive bias that occurs when individuals believe that *generic personality descriptions and statements apply to themselves*

validity vs reliability

validity: the accuracy of the content

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reliability: the consistency of accurate content

temperament

an aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed and intensity

fundamental attribution error

under-emphasize situational and environmental explanations for the behavior of an actor while **overemphasizing dispositional- and personality-based explanations.**

self-serving bias

the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

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we attribute positive events and successes to our own character or actions, but blame negative results to external factors unrelated to our character.

implicit personality theory

***describes the specific patterns and biases an individual uses when forming impressions based on limited view of personality***

narcisism

excessive self-love/self-absorption

how might individualism and collectivism affect personality tests?

individualistic individuals probably have more distinct personalities while collective people have more morally good personalities that would benefit the group rather than themselves.

Dunning-kruger effect

ignorance of one’s own incompetence :/

eclectic

a theoretical or practical approach that **blends**, or attempts to blend, diverse conceptual formulations or techniques into an integrated approacha theoretical or practical approach that blends, or attempts to blend, diverse conceptual formulations or techniques into an integrated approach extraa theoretical or practical approach that blends, or attempts to blend, diverse conceptual formulations or techniques into an integrated approacha theoretical or practical approach that blends, or attempts to blend, diverse conceptual formulations or techniques into an integrated approach