Comprehensive Review of Material, Living, and Technological Worlds

This set covers vocabulary from the lecture notes spanning material properties, states of matter, chemistry, earth sciences, biology, and basic technology and technological engineering principles.

Characteristic property

A property that helps identify a substance or object, such as boiling point, melting point, density, or DNA.

Non-characteristic property

A property that describes a substance but does not identify it, such as mass, volume, temperature, or hair and skin colour.

Particle theory

The theory that all substances are made up of very small particles that are constantly moving, have space between them, and attract or repel each other.

Solid

A state of matter that keeps its shape inside a container and exhibits barely any movement of particles; for water, this occurs at $0^\circ\text{C}$.

Liquid

A state of matter that takes the shape of its container but does not always fill it up; for water, room temperature is approximately $21^\circ\text{C}$.

Gas

A state of matter that expands to fill its entire container and has lots of particle movement; for water, the boiling point is $100^\circ\text{C}$.

pH Scale

A scale used to measure acidity and alkalinity where $0-6$ is Acid, $7$ is Neutral, and $7.1-14$ is Base or Alkaline.

Physical change

A change in form where the particles of the substance stay the same and no new substance is created.

Chemical change

A change that results in new substances being formed that have their own properties, often identified by the acronym CHEGS.

Pure substance

A substance made up of only one type of element or molecule particles.

Homogeneous mixture

A mixture where you cannot see the different particles, such as saltwater.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture where you can see the different particles, such as orange juice with pulp.

Distillation

A separation technique that evaporates the water and only leaves the other substance.

Pangea

Alfred Wegener's theory that the Earth used to be one big continent before it changed due to the movement of tectonic plates.

Igneous rock

The most common rock type, formed from cooled magma beneath the surface or lava above the surface.

Sedimentary rock

Rock created when sediments from eroded rocks or organisms gradually accumulate.

Metamorphic rock

Rock formed due to a transformation caused by heat or pressure in the lithosphere.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying and organizing organisms into groups based on shared characteristics.

Binomial nomenclature

A scientific naming system where each species has a two-part name consisting of the genus and the species.

Species

A group of organisms that can reproduce, create surviving offspring, and whose offspring are also able to reproduce.

Diffusion

The movement of solute particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.

Torsion

A force applied to an object in a twisting motion.

Translational motion

Movement that occurs in a straight line.

Helical motion

A type of motion where an object rotates and moves in a straight line simultaneously.

Lever

A simple machine composed of a rigid piece that pivots around a fulcrum.

Motion transformation

A mechanism that transforms the type of motion from one form to another, such as a door handle.

Motion transmission

A mechanism that transfers the same type of motion from one part to another, such as gears.