Ledonne FINAL EXAM Study Guide 24-25

Progressives had a strong faith in

science and expertise

Efficiency progressives believed that cities should be run by

a city manager or commissioners

In the case Northern Securities v. the United States, the Supreme Court ruled that Northern Securities

violated the Sherman Antitrust Act

Wisconsin became known as "the laboratory of democracy" because of its

reforms that broke the power of party bosses

Socialists believe in

government ownership of business

By 1920 the Interstate Commerce Commission had moved away from its original purpose and had started

raising rates to help ensure railroads' profits

Theodore Roosevelt warned William Howard Taft to stay away from tariff reform because it would

split the Republican Party

Theodore Roosevelt tried to win the Republican nomination from William Howard Taft in the 1912 election bc he believed that Taft

had failed to live up to progressive ideals

The Underwood Tariff Avct included a provision for

levying an income tax

Through scientific management, a company could become efficient by

breaking tasks down into small parts and using standardized tools

In a direct primary,

all party members could vote for a candidate to run in the general election

Theodore Roosevelt viewed the coal miners strike against mine owners in 1902 as an example of

groups pursuing their private interests at the expense of the nation

Tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company led to

building codes requiring fire escapes

US Steel would allow the gov to look at its account books and records if the government would

allow the company to correct problems privately without going to court

The laissez faire argument for the best way to preserve public land was to

sell it to lumber companies who would conserve it as a source of profits

Roosevelt believed that Taft's focus on breaking up trusts would

destroy the system of cooperation and regulation Roosevelt had arranged

Wilson believed lower tariff rates would lead American companies to

improve products and lower prices

Woodrow Wilson sent marines into several Latin American countries to

set up stable democratic governments in Latin America

President Wilson's invasion of Veracruz was

opposed in Europe and Latin America

The Triple Entente included

Britain, France, Russia

In the case Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that

freedom of speech could be curbed in wartime

The event that touched off the first declaration of war in WWI was

the assassination of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

WWI was the first war in which

women officially served in the armed forces

To conserve energy during WWI, the Fuel Admin introduced

daylight savings time

The Great Migration during WWi was a flow of

African Americans moving from the South to Northern cities

What led to Trench Warfare?

rapid-fire machine guns

The "Big Four" who attended the peace conference at the end of WWI were the leaders from the US, Britain, France, and

Italy

Woodrow Wilson used Mexico's refusal to apologize for arresting American sailors in Tampico as an excuse to

attempt to overthrow the Mexican gov

The Triple Alliance included

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

According to the Zimmerman Telegram if Mexico allied with Germany, Germany would

help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

According to the Selective Service Act, the order in which men were called to service would be determined by

lottery

"Selling" the war to the American people was the task of

the Committee on Public Information

Criticism of the war at home was effectively silenced by

the Espionage and Sedition Acts

In WWI, airplanes were first used to

observe enemy activities

The organization that eventually became the Federal Bureau of Investigation was originally formed to

raid radical headquarters looking for evidence of a Communist conspiracy

Many people viewed Sacco and Vanzetti with suspicion because they were

Italian immigrants and anarchists

In the early 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan added to its membership by

hiring public relations people to promote the Klan

After the Emergency Quota Act was passed, admission to the United States was based on immigrants'

ethnic identity and national origin

The new morality of the 1920s glorified

personal freedom

John T Scopes was put on trial for

teaching evolution

The 21st Amendment

repealed prohibition

The "Sultan of Swat" was the nickname for

Babe Ruth

The flowering of African American arts in the 1920s became known as the

Harlem Renaissance

The Universal Negro Improvement Assoc was formed to

promote black pride and unity

The Ku Klux Klan began to decline in the late 1920s, largely as a result of

scandals involving Klan leaders

The National Origins Act of 1924

exempted Mexicans from the quota system

The purpose of the Volstead Act was to

enforce prohibition

One effect of the 18th Amendment was

an increase in federal police powers

The golden age of Hollywood began in 1927 with the release of the first

motion picture with sound

In 1920 in one of the first commercial radio broadcasts in history, listeners of station KDKA in Pittsburgh heard the

news of Warren G Harding's victory in the presidential election

The Cotton Club was

a Harlem nightspot where many African Americans entertainers got their start

The NAACP's lobbying efforts influenced the House of Representatives to pass, in 1922,

anti-lynching legislation

One of the NAACP's greatest political triumphs occurred in 1930 with the

defeat of a racist judge nominated for the Supreme Court

Warren G. Harding won the presidency by appealing to Americans' desire to

return to normal life after the war

Calvin Coolidge became president when

Warren G. Harding died in office

Coolidge believed that gov should

not interfere with business

Ford's system for making cars increased efficiency by

dividing the job into simple tasks

Commercial radio began its rise in November 1920, with news that

Harding had won the election

Unions declined during the 1920s in part because many corporations instituted

welfare capitalism

The Ohio Gang was

a group of Harding's friends

In the Teapot Dome Scandal, a gov official received bribes for

allowing private interests to lease lands containing US Navy oil reserves

Calvin Coolidge grew up

on a midwestern farm

Henry Ford's business philosophy was to increase sales by

constantly improving his cars' mechanical reliability

Aviation did not experience the same post-war boom as the automobile industry because

Americans still thought of planes as dangerous novelties

An unintended affect of the Fordney-McCumber Act was

a reaction in foreign markets against American agricultural products

Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover believed that waste could be reduced and costs lowered if trade assoc would

voluntarily share information with the Bureau of Standards

The result of the Dawes Plan was

Europe's deeper descent into debt

A major campaign issue in the 1928 election was

Prohibition

Alfred E. Smith endured a smear campaign in the 1928 election because

he was Catholic

During the Great Depression when a bank collapsed

depositors lost their savings

The Federal Reserve contributed to the Depression by

lowering loan rates

President Hoover hoped that public works would

provide jobs lost in the private sector

The National Credit Corp tried to rescue trouble banks using

money from NY bankers

President Hoover opposed direct federal relief to the unemployed bc he believed that

only state and city gov should dole out relief

Thousands of WWI veterans came to Washington in 1932 to lobby Congress to

give veterans their promised bonus early

A major reason for Herbert Hoover's landslide victory in the 1928 election was

the prosperity of the 1920s

Before the late 1920s, stock prices

generally reflected the stocks' true value

The stock market crash weakened the nation's banks bc

banks had invested their deposits in the stock market

Most economists agree that a key cause of the Depression was

overproduction

The first feature length animated film was

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

The purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corp was to

make loans to banks, railroads, and agricultural institutions

The Emergency Relief and Construction Act provided

loans to the states for direct relief

As governor of NY, Franklin Roosevelt won popularity by

helping people economically

During the Depression, many state governors declared "bank holidays" to

prevent bank runs

Roosevelt's advisers who supported "New Nationalism" wanted government agencies to

to work with business

To fight the Depression, Roosevelt believed the first thing to do was to

restore confidence in the banks

To regulate the stock market, the Roosevelt Administration created the

Securities and Exchange Commission

The National Industrial Recovery Act set up

codes of fair competition

One main purpose of the Townsend Plan was to

free up jobs for the unemployed

Framers of the Social Security Act saw it primarily as

an insurance bill

Franklin Roosevelt's "court packing plan" was a serious mistake bc

it appeared to interfere with the Constitution's separation of powers

Roosevelt's advisers who supported "New Nationalism" wanted government agencies to

to break up big companies

The Emergency Banking Relief Act helped solve the banking crisis by

issuing licenses to banks that federal examiners found to be financially sound

The Agricultural Adjustment Act tried to help farmers by

paying them not to grow crops

Home Owners Loan Corporation

lengthened the mortgage repayment term and lowered rates for the employed

The Federal Number One program employed

people in the arts

The Committee for Industrial Organization set out to organize

all skilled and unskilled workers in the automobile industry

Two causes of the rise of dictatorships after WWI were

the peace treaty and economic depression

Adolf Hitler blamed Germany's defeat in WWI on the

Jews

The Nye Committee report created the impression that America's entry into World War I was influenced by

American arms manufacturers