Anatomy & Physiology II: Exam 3 (Ch. 27)(Urine transportation, storage, elimination)

what is the urine pathway

collecting ducts → papillary ducts → minor calyces → major calyces → renal pelvis → ureter(one from each kidney) → bladder

what is the ureter pathway

descends in the abdomen between the parietal peritoneum + the body wall (retroperitoneal) → pelvic cavity → medial turn → oblique entrance of the posterior lateral bladder side

in the oblique entrance of ureters into the bladder , what happens

results in bladder wall muscle contraction compressing the ureters which results in no backflow from the bladder into the ureters during bladder emptying

what happens when the valve isn’t functioning properly

kidney infection

what are the 3 layers of the ureter wall

mucosal layer (inner), muscular layer (middle), adventitia (outer)

what is transitional

type of epithelium lining the mucosa (also found in the bladder + urethra)

what layer undergoes peristalsis (moves urine to bladder)

muscular layer

what is the urinary bladder

hollow muscular organ used to store urine

what makes up the external structure of the urinary bladder

fundus, base, anterior surface, posterior surface

what is the fundus

top; expands freely, rising above the pubic crest into the abdominal cavity as bladder fills

where does the base rest in the external structure

pelvic cavity floor

where is the anterior surface of the external structure

just behind the pubic symphysis bone of pelvis

where is the posterior surface of the external structure for females

uterus + superior vagina

where is the posterior surface of the external structure for males

rectum

what is the bladder’s shape

full = spherical empty = inverted pyramid

who has a smaller bladder

females because of the superior uterus

what makes up the internal structure of the urinary bladder

detrusor muscle, transitional epithelium of mucosa, trigone

what is the detrusor muscle

a tunic of 3 layers of smooth muscle making up most of the wall

what does transitional epithelium of mucosa line

the bladder

what is a trigone

triangular area delineated by the opening of the 2 ureters laterally and the opening of the urethra inferiorly (looks smooth because the mucosa here is firmly bound to the detrusor)

what is the urethra

muscular tube, lined with mucous membrane, that exits surface of bladder

what carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of body

urethra

what is internal urethral sphincter

smooth muscle of the bladder at the urethra-bladder junction

what does it mean when the bladder is contracting (during bladder emptying process)

sphincter is opening

how is the external urethral sphincter formed

by the skeletal muscle of the pelvic floor (urogenital diaphragm) which surrounds the urethra

what type of control is the external urethral sphincter under

voluntary control (can hold the urethra closed against strong bladder contraction)

who has a short urethra

females (runs along anterior vagina; opens to the exterior at the external urethral office); prone to UTI

who has a 5X longer urethra

males (extends to the external urethral office at the tip of the penis, divides into 3 parts (prostatic, membranous, + spongy urethra) depends on region passing

what does the prostatic urethra pass through and receive

prostrate and receives the ejaculatory ducts posteriorly (female urethra also used for reproduction)

what does the membranous urethra pass through (short portion)

urogenital diaphragm

what is the spongy urethra (penile urethra)

longest portion; goes from spongy urethra → urogenital diaphragm → external urethral office

what is micturition

emptying the bladder = urination = voiding; basically a reflex

what are impulses transmitted by

parasympathetic neurons

what happens after the impulses of the parasympathetic neurons are transmitted

bladder detrusor muscle contraction → internal urethral sphincter opens

what do you need to have voluntary control over the external urethral sphincter

a developed CNSwhat makes up the scor

what makes up the scrotum

testes; behind penis; loss skin + subcutaneous tissue + dartos muscle

what does a decrease in temperature vs abdomen mean

affects normal sperm production

how does the cremaster muscle get affected by temperature

decrease = move toward a warm body, inverse for increase

what are testes (testicles)

paired oval organs where sperm and hormones are produced (women have gonads that produce gametes and hormone)

where do testes descend

into scrotum from abdomen via inguinal canals in 7th month of development

what are the 2 membranes that make up the testes

tunica vaginallis, tunica albuginae

what is the tunica vaginalis

serous membrane, partially covering the tests

what is hydrocele

serous fluid collecting here due to injury or inflammation of tests/epididymis (in the tunica vaginalis)

what is tunica albuginea

CT capsule

what is septa

inward tunica extensions → compartmentalization (lobules)

what are the ducts of the testis

seminiferous tubules

what are seminiferous tubules

(1-3) convoluted tubules within each compartment (lobule) contain sperm producing cells (spermatogenic cells) + sertoli cells → tubulus rectus (straight) → rete testis → efferent ducts

what are efferent ducts

tubes which leave testis to enter epididymis

what are leydig cells

cell clusters in CT around the seminiferous tubules; secrete testosterone; interstitial cells

what is epididymis

storage and maturation site for sperm

what is involved with sperm transport from testes to body and contained within scrotum, tightly coiled tube on posterior testis

epididymis

what stores transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

ductus vas deferens (straight tubule on posterior testis medial to epididymis)

where does the ductus vas deferens ascend through

scrotum → inguinal canal → abdominopelvic cavity

what is the dilated terminal part of the ductus vas deferens

ampulla

what is the spermatic cord

fascia enclosed structure passing from lower testis to abdominopelvic cavity

what does the spermatic cord contain

vas deferens, testicular artery + vein, lymphatics, + nerves

what is an inguinal hernia

when tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall and occur in the groin

difference between primary and secondary hernias

primary are spontaneous defects in the abdominal wall and secondary occur at the site of a previous incision or surgery

what is nutcracker syndrome

left renal vein compression

what are the other ducts

ejaculatory ducts and urethra

what is a vasectomy

permanent form of male birth control in which a surgeon blocks the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra

what are the other accessory sex glands

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis

what are seminal vesicles

2 pouches lateral to vas deferens on posterior bladder, duct of each joins with a vas deferens → an ejaculatory duct,

what (penetrate) enters prostatic urethra

ejaculatory duct

what is the ejaculatory duct contraction

sperm + seminal vesicle secretions propelled into urethra

what surrounds urethra below bladder

prostate gland

what is examined via rectal exam

prostate gland

what secretes fluid (including PSA) which is ¼ of semen volume

prostate gland

what is PSA

prostate specific antigen

what are paired glands below the prostate on either side of membranous urethra

bulbourethral (cowpers’) glands

what glands secrete alkaline mucus into the urethra prior to ejaculation

bulbourethral (cowpers’) glands

what places sperm into the male reproductive tract

penis

what is the penis made up of

root + body + glans penis (expanded tip; covered by prepuce foreskin)

what is attached to the penis

root (proximal part)(crura + bulb)

what does the penis body contain

3 cylindrical bodies (each surrounded by vascular connective tissue = erectile tissue)

what are the 3 specific cylindrical bodies in the penis

2 dorsal corpus cavernosa + 1 ventral corpus spongiosum

what is contained in the ventral corpus spongiosum

urethra expanded distal end = glans penis

what makes up the semen

sperm + seminal fluid (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands secretions)

does semen contain fructose and prostaglandins

yes (energy) and uterus and uterine tube contractions and sperm movement

is semen alkaline

yes, counteracts vagina’s acidic environment

does semen contain seminalplasmin

yes for bacterial destruction

what is male puberty

when reproduction becomes possible (10-15 years of age)

what does the 1st ejaculate contain for male puberty

mature spermatozoa + secondary sex characteristics

what are secondary sex characteristics

penis, scrotum, testes enlarge, hair growth, voice deepens, increase in skeletal muscle, decrease in fat

what is dependent on male puberty

increased testosterone production, increased GnRH release from Hypothalamus → increased FSH + LH in pituitary

what happens in the pituitary for male puberty

increased testosterone

what is spermatogenesis

sperm production within testes (seminiferous tubules)

what is the order of spermatogonia

spermatogonia (2n) → primary spermatocytes (2n) → secondary spermatocytes(n) → spermatids(n) → spermatozoa (n)

what happens between spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

mitosis

what happens between primary spermatocytes and secondary spermatocytes

meiosis

what happens between spermatids and spermatozoa

spermiogenesis

what is spemiogenesis

final stage of spermatogenesis

how long is the whole process of spemiogenesis

65 days

how many sperm are produced per day in spemiogenesis

300 million

what is spermiation

sperm release fro sertoli cells connection

what are the male sexual responses

erection and ejaculation

what is erection

physical stimulation → parasympathetic nerve causing NO production → arteriole dilation + widening of blood sinuses → erection (+ veins → compressed which slows blood outflow)

what is priapism

a medical emergency in which someone has an erection that lasts more than 4 hours and is not related to sexual arousal

what is ejaculation

release of semen from urethra; sympathetic reflex

what makes up the female reproductive system

ovaries, uternine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva