Anatomy & Physiology II: Exam 3 (Ch. 27)(Urine transportation, storage, elimination)

what is the urine pathway

collecting ducts → papillary ducts → minor calyces → major calyces → renal pelvis → ureter(one from each kidney) → bladder

what is the ureter pathway

descends in the abdomen between the parietal peritoneum + the body wall (retroperitoneal) → pelvic cavity → medial turn → oblique entrance of the posterior lateral bladder side

in the oblique entrance of ureters into the bladder , what happens

results in bladder wall muscle contraction compressing the ureters which results in no backflow from the bladder into the ureters during bladder emptying

what happens when the valve isn’t functioning properly

kidney infection

what are the 3 layers of the ureter wall

mucosal layer (inner), muscular layer (middle), adventitia (outer)

what is transitional

type of epithelium lining the mucosa (also found in the bladder + urethra)

what layer undergoes peristalsis (moves urine to bladder)

muscular layer

what is the urinary bladder

hollow muscular organ used to store urine

what makes up the external structure of the urinary bladder

fundus, base, anterior surface, posterior surface

what is the fundus

top; expands freely, rising above the pubic crest into the abdominal cavity as bladder fills

where does the base rest in the external structure

pelvic cavity floor

where is the anterior surface of the external structure

just behind the pubic symphysis bone of pelvis

where is the posterior surface of the external structure for females

uterus + superior vagina

where is the posterior surface of the external structure for males

rectum

what is the bladder’s shape

full = spherical empty = inverted pyramid

who has a smaller bladder

females because of the superior uterus

what makes up the internal structure of the urinary bladder

detrusor muscle, transitional epithelium of mucosa, trigone

what is the detrusor muscle

a tunic of 3 layers of smooth muscle making up most of the wall

what does transitional epithelium of mucosa line

the bladder

what is a trigone

triangular area delineated by the opening of the 2 ureters laterally and the opening of the urethra inferiorly (looks smooth because the mucosa here is firmly bound to the detrusor)

what is the urethra

muscular tube, lined with mucous membrane, that exits surface of bladder

what carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of body

urethra

what is internal urethral sphincter

smooth muscle of the bladder at the urethra-bladder junction

what does it mean when the bladder is contracting (during bladder emptying process)

sphincter is opening

how is the external urethral sphincter formed

by the skeletal muscle of the pelvic floor (urogenital diaphragm) which surrounds the urethra

what type of control is the external urethral sphincter under

voluntary control (can hold the urethra closed against strong bladder contraction)

who has a short urethra

females (runs along anterior vagina; opens to the exterior at the external urethral office); prone to UTI

who has a 5X longer urethra

males (extends to the external urethral office at the tip of the penis, divides into 3 parts (prostatic, membranous, + spongy urethra) depends on region passing

what does the prostatic urethra pass through and receive

prostrate and receives the ejaculatory ducts posteriorly (female urethra also used for reproduction)

what does the membranous urethra pass through (short portion)

urogenital diaphragm

what is the spongy urethra (penile urethra)

longest portion; goes from spongy urethra → urogenital diaphragm → external urethral office

what is micturition

emptying the bladder = urination = voiding; basically a reflex

what are impulses transmitted by

parasympathetic neurons

what happens after the impulses of the parasympathetic neurons are transmitted

bladder detrusor muscle contraction → internal urethral sphincter opens

what do you need to have voluntary control over the external urethral sphincter

a developed CNSwhat makes up the scor

what makes up the scrotum

testes; behind penis; loss skin + subcutaneous tissue + dartos muscle

what does a decrease in temperature vs abdomen mean

affects normal sperm production

how does the cremaster muscle get affected by temperature

decrease = move toward a warm body, inverse for increase

what are testes (testicles)

paired oval organs where sperm and hormones are produced (women have gonads that produce gametes and hormone)

where do testes descend

into scrotum from abdomen via inguinal canals in 7th month of development

what are the 2 membranes that make up the testes

tunica vaginallis, tunica albuginae

what is the tunica vaginalis

serous membrane, partially covering the tests

what is hydrocele

serous fluid collecting here due to injury or inflammation of tests/epididymis (in the tunica vaginalis)

what is tunica albuginea

CT capsule

what is septa

inward tunica extensions → compartmentalization (lobules)

what are the ducts of the testis

seminiferous tubules

what are seminiferous tubules

(1-3) convoluted tubules within each compartment (lobule) contain sperm producing cells (spermatogenic cells) + sertoli cells → tubulus rectus (straight) → rete testis → efferent ducts

what are efferent ducts

tubes which leave testis to enter epididymis

what are leydig cells

cell clusters in CT around the seminiferous tubules; secrete testosterone; interstitial cells

what is epididymis

storage and maturation site for sperm