Chapter 11 neurology yasmin luz

How is the nervous system organized?

it is organized into two, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

what is the central nervous system made up of?

1. brain

2. spinal cord

What i the peripheral nervous system made up of?

1. 12 pairs of cranial nerves

2. 31 pairs of spinal nerves

3. each nerve is like a cable consisting of thousands of nervous fibers

How many cranial nerves are there?

12 pairs

How many spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs

What are motor neuron fibers?

Output signals that conduct commands from the CNS to the organs

What is the cervical plexus?

braided network of nerves that supplies neck and diaphragm

What is the brachial plexus?

nerves that go down to the arms

What is the conus medullaris?

tapered ends of spinal cord around L-1 & L-2

What are dermatomes?

a map of what part of the spinal nerves control the body

What are the general characteristics of neurons?

they are excitable

what is the cell soma?

nucleus is located

What are axons?

help with action potential away from body

where do axons terminate?

in synaptic/ axonal knobs/terminal knobs

What is the justification between a neuron and another cell called?

synapsis

What are oligodendrocytes?

part of the myelin sheath, known like bubble wrap

What are schwann cells?

also apart of the myelin sheath, know like bubble wrap

What is the node of ranvier?

gaps between myelin sheath

What are sensory nerves fibers?

input, transmits info to the organs of the body to CNS

What shape are sensory neurons?

transmits info for visceral (internal) organs to CNS, does not reach consciousness

What are somatic sensory neurons?

skin or skeletal muscles, kinesthesia

What are visceral sensory neurons?

transmits information from visceral (internal) organs to CNS

What are interneurons?

help with thinking, memory, and decision making

Where are interneurons located?

entirely within the CNS

What shape are interneurons?

multipolar shape

What are moter (efferent) nerve fibers?

it is the output signal, transports CNS to organs

What shape are motor neurons?

multipolar

What are somatic motor neurons?

Multipolar

What are autonomic (visceral) motor neurons?

innervate smooth muscles(organs) to Cardiac muscle (heart) and glands

What are dendrites?

detaches environmental charges

What are neuronal processes?

axons and denrites

What do unipolar neurons look like?

has a head and two limbs

What do bipolar neurons look like?

the head and limbs in a straight line

What do multipolar neurons look like?

spiky head with one limb

What are examples of neurotransmitters?

1. serotonin

2. acetylcholine

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?

present in the CNS- brain and spinal cord

neuroglial and schwann cells

What are the four types of neuroglial cells?

1. oligodendroglia

2. astrocytes

3. microglia

4. ependymal cells

What are oligodendrocytes?

interneurons that make your thinking, memory, and decision making.

What are astrocytes?

blood brain barrier

What is the brain blood-brain-barrier?

protects brain from ony toxins in the blood

What are schwann cells?

sensory (input)and motor neurons (output)

What are the key functions of the meninges?

to protect brain and spinal cord, the barrier that prevents spread of infection, CSF helps distribute nutrients and remove waste.

What are the three layers of the meninges?

1. pia mater

2. arachnoid membrance

3. dura mater

What is the pia mater?

¨ soft mother ¨ adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

What is the arachnoid membrane?

spiderweb like

What is dura mater?

¨ tough mother ¨ regular fibrous connective tissue that provides a tough barrier against foreign agents

What are meninges?

membrane that ensheath the CNS

What is the epidural space?

¨around¨ dural space containing fat

What is the cerebrospinal fluid?

clear liquid that surrounds and cushions the brain

How is csf circulated in the brain?

from ventricles of the brain filling up space between brain and spinal cord

What are ventricles of the brain?

central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space

What is hydrocephalus?

build up of CSF, water in the head

What is a lumbar puncture?

spinal tap, puncture made between L-3 and L-4

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

cushions the brain and spinal cord against trauma

What is the diencephalon?

¨through head¨

What does the pineal gland do?

secrete melatonin

What is the thalamus?

relay center of motor and sensory information

What is the hypothalamus?

control pituitary gland and causes hormones to be released

What is the function of the cerebellum?

coordinate motor movement, spatial skills, and puzzle solving

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

cardioregulatory center, vasomotor center, vomiting control, and lacks blood brain barriers

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

planning, decision-making, reasoning, emotional regulation, impulse control, and motor coordination

What is broca’s area?

speech output, localized in left hemisphere

What is the function parietal lobe?

somatosensory cortex

What is the wernicke’s area?

vocabulary closing words, only in left hemisphere

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

hearing, smell(olfaction), and memory

What is the occipital lobe?

visual cortex

Where do cranial nerves originate?

the spinal cord

cranial nerve l

Olificatory

sense if smell

cranial nerve ll

Optic

sense of sight

cranial nerve llll

oculomotor

motor to eye muscles

cranial nerve lV

trochlear

motor superior oblique

cranial nerve V

trigeminal

sensation from face

cranial nerve Vl

abducens

motor to lateral rectus

cranial nerve Vll

facial

sense of taste from tongue

cranial nerve Vlll

Vestibulocochlear

sense of hearing

cranial nerve lX

glossopharyngeal

sense of taste from tongue

cranial nerve X

vagus

sensory from internal organs from thorax and abdomen

cranial nerve Xl

accessory

sensations from larynx and neck

cranial nerve Xll

hypoglossal

proprioception from tongue