Micro chapter 3

____ are organisms that do not contain a nucleus

Prokaryotes

____ are organisms that do have a nucleus

Eukaryotes

one domain in the Tree of Life (______), divided into four kingdoms

Eukarya

What are the four kingdoms

• Animalia

• Plantae

• Fungi

• Protista

Coccus

Bacillus

Vibrio

Spirillum

Spirochete

Pleomorphic

Diplo-: two cells

Strepto-: chain of cells

Tetrad: Four cells

Sarcinae: Eight cells (in a cube)

Staphylo: cluster of cells in a ‘bunch

Bacteria reproduce_____

asexually

Bacterial ___: one bacterium gives another bacterium a chunk of DNA

Conjugation

Bacteria reproduce by a process known as ____ _____

Binary Fission

The ____ ____ has two main structures: •____ • ___

Surface Layer:

• S-Layer

• Glycocalyx

The _____ have three main structures:

Appendages:

• Pili • Fimbriae • Flagella

The ___ is a thin layer composed of thousands of copies of the same protein

S-Layer

The ____ is a coating outside the Slayer that is made of many polysaccharides and glycoproteins

Glycocalyx

___ are very sticky and packed tightly to the surface of the cell

Capsules

____ ____are more loosely-packed

Slime layers

Glycocalyces are partly responsible for the formation of _____ on surfaces

biofilms

________are short, sticky bristle-like surface projections (think: velcro) that help cells stick to each other and to surfaces

Fimbriae

____ are longer hollow tubes

Pili

____ is the ability to move through the environment

Motility

_____ are protein complexes used by some bacteria for motility

Flagella

Flagella are used for ____

chemotaxis

____ ____ is the movement toward the chemical signal

Positive chemotaxis

____ _____ is the movement away from the chemical signal

Negative chemotaxis

The____ ___ is a set of protein rings that connect the interior of the cell to the cell membrane and wall.

basal body

The ____ is the long chain of proteins that whips around and pushes the cell where it wants to go

Filament

The ____ is the ‘adapter’ that connects the filament to the basal body and allows it to spin

Hook

Counterclockwise (CCW): organism moves fast and in a specific direction • This is known as a ____

Run

Clockwise (CW): organism moves slowly and in an erratic, nondirectional way • This is known as a ___

Tumble

____: At the ends of a (usually rod or spiral) cell

Polar

•_____: found at one end

•______: Found at both ends

• _____: Found in a ‘tuft’ at the end of the cell

•Monotrichous:

•Amphitrichous:

• Lophotrichous:

•______: Found all over the surface of the cell

•Peritrichous

The border of the cell is known as the ______ membrane or ____ membrane

cytoplasmic , cell

The bacterial cell membrane is composed of a ___ ____

phospholipid bilayer

Bacterial cell walls are made of ____

Peptidoglycan

Gram-Positive cells have a thick cell wall

•Many layers of peptidoglycan with _____ ___ running through them

Teichoic acid

The Gram stain is done by putting on a dye (___ ____) that will go between the ‘chain-link fence’ of the cell wall and interact with the teichoic acid

Crystal Violet)

a _____ (Gram’s Iodine—purple) is added to crystalize the dye

mordant

a _____ (safranin—pink) is added to color ‘undyed’ cells

counterstain

Gram-Negative cells are distinguished by the presence of the ____ ____

outer membrane

The space between the two sets of membranes is called the ____

Periplasm

Outer layer contains a special lipid called ______ (LPS)

Lipopolysaccharide

The gelatinous ‘goo’ of the inside of the cell is known as the ____

Cytoplasm

Bacteria usually have only one ______ which encodes all the necessary genes

chromosome

In order to deal with environmental stresses, some bacteria can create ____

endospores

Once a signal is received, the spore undergoes _____ to return to a vegetative state

germination

In the 1970s, __ __used DNA sequencing to show that within kingdom Monera there were two very dissimilar groups

Carl Woese

Archaea can use structures known as ____ as a grappling hook for attachment

hami