🫀 Honors Anatomy Blood & Heart Flashcards

Blood

A connective tissue that transports nutrients gases and wastes regulates temperature pH and fluid balance and protects against infection and blood loss

Plasma

The liquid portion of blood that makes up about 55 percent and carries dissolved substances like nutrients hormones wastes and proteins

Formed elements

The cellular components of blood including red blood cells white blood cells and platelets

Hematocrit

The percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells

Viscosity

The thickness or resistance to flow of a fluid blood is about 5 times more viscous than water

pH of blood

A measure of acidity kept between 7.35 and 7.45 to maintain homeostasis

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells that carry oxygen using hemoglobin and have no nucleus

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen each molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules

Biconcave shape

The shape of red blood cells that increases surface area for gas exchange

Leukocytes

White blood cells that protect the body from infection and foreign substances

Thrombocytes

Platelets that help form blood clots to stop bleeding

Granulocytes

A type of white blood cell with visible granules including neutrophils eosinophils and basophils

Neutrophils

White blood cells that fight bacteria and are the most common type

Eosinophils

White blood cells that fight parasites and are involved in allergic reactions

Basophils

White blood cells that release histamine and promote inflammation

Agranulocytes

White blood cells without visible granules including lymphocytes and monocytes

Lymphocytes

White blood cells that are part of the immune response including B cells and T cells

Monocytes

White blood cells that become macrophages and engulf pathogens

Hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding through clot formation

Platelet plug

A temporary seal formed by platelets sticking together at an injury site

Fibrin

Protein threads that form a mesh to stabilize a blood clot

Thrombus

A blood clot that forms inside a blood vessel

Embolus

A clot that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream

Antigen

A substance on the surface of cells that the immune system recognizes as foreign

Antibody

A protein made by the immune system that binds to specific antigens

Agglutination

The clumping of blood cells when incompatible blood types are mixed

Blood type A

Has A antigens and produces anti B antibodies

Blood type B

Has B antigens and produces anti A antibodies

Blood type AB

Has both A and B antigens and produces no antibodies universal recipient

Blood type O

Has no antigens and produces both anti A and anti B antibodies universal donor

Rh factor

A protein on red blood cells if present the blood is positive if absent it is negative

Heart

A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

Apex

The pointed tip of the heart that faces the left side

Pericardium

The protective sac surrounding the heart

Epicardium

The outer layer of the heart wall

Myocardium

The thick muscular middle layer responsible for contraction

Endocardium

The inner lining of the heart chambers

Atrium

The upper chamber of the heart that receives blood

Ventricle

The lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out

Septum

The wall that separates the right and left sides of the heart

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Right ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body and is the strongest chamber

Tricuspid valve

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle

Mitral valve

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle also called bicuspid

Pulmonary valve

Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Aortic valve

Valve between left ventricle and aorta

Valves

Structures that prevent backflow of blood and keep it moving in one direction

Pulmonary circuit

The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back

Systemic circuit

The pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back

Vena cava

Large veins that carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium

Pulmonary arteries

Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Aorta

The largest artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Cardiac cycle

The repeating pattern of heart contraction and relaxation

Diastole

The relaxation phase when the heart fills with blood

Systole

The contraction phase when the heart pumps blood

SA node

The pacemaker of the heart that starts the heartbeat

AV node

Delays the electrical signal before passing it to the ventricles

Bundle of His

Conducts electrical signals from the AV node to the ventricles

Purkinje fibers

Spread the electrical impulse through the ventricles causing contraction

Cardiac output

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Heart rate

The number of heartbeats per minute

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle per beat

Cardiac output formula

Cardiac output equals heart rate times stroke volume

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart under high pressure with thick walls

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart and contain valves to prevent backflow

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels where exchange of gases nutrients and wastes occurs

Tunica externa

The outer layer of a blood vessel

Tunica media

The middle muscular layer that controls vessel diameter

Tunica intima

The inner smooth layer that reduces friction

Blood pressure

The force of blood pushing against vessel walls

Systolic pressure

Pressure during heart contraction

Diastolic pressure

Pressure during heart relaxation

Capillary sphincters

Rings of muscle that regulate blood flow into capillaries

Gas exchange

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body