Pharm Lecture Flashcards AI

Flashcards of key vocabulary and definitions from the lecture notes.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan cell wall comprised of ~30 layers that sit on a single plasma membrane.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

An example of a gram-positive bacteria.

Staphylococcus aureus

An example of a gram-positive bacteria.

Clostridium difficile

An example of a gram-positive bacteria.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria with a thinner peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between TWO phospholipid bilayer membranes.

Salmonella typhi

An example of a gram-negative bacteria.

Neisseria gonorrhea

An example of a gram-negative bacteria.

Brucella melitensis

An example of a gram-negative bacteria.

Bactericidal

Antimicrobials that kill bacteria.

Bacteriostatic

Antimicrobials that interfere with bacterial growth, allowing the immune system to catch up.

Penicillins

Antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase, are bactericidal, and are effective against gram(+) bacteria.

β-lactamase inhibitors

Sometimes administered with penicillins and cephalosporins (ex. clavulanic acid)

Cephalosporins

Antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial wall synthesis are bactericidal and have a broader spectrum of use compared to penicillins.

Vancomycin

Antimicrobial that inhibits bacterial wall synthesis, is bactericidal, and is effective against gram(+) bacteria; used especially against serious bacterial infections.

Trimethoprim

Antimicrobial that inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis, is bacteriostatic, and is effective against gram(+) and gram (-) bacteria.

Sulfonamides

Antimicrobials that inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis.

Tetracyclines

Antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic.

Aminoglycosides

Antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are bactericidal, used for serious gram (-) bacterial infections.

Macrolides

Antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are bacteriostatic, effective against gram(+) and some gram (-) bacteria.

Quinolones

Antimicrobials that inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis and are bactericidal, effective against gram(+) and gram (-) bacteria, commonly used for UTIs and GI infections.

Hypothyroidism

Underactive thyroid, reduction of T3/T4 hormones.

Primary hypothyroidism

Dysfunction of the thyroid.

Secondary hypothyroidism

Dysfunction of the pituitary gland.

Tertiary hypothyroidism

Dysfunction of the hypothalamus.

Levothyroxine

Synthetic T4 hormone.

Liothyronine

Synthetic T3 hormone.

Hyperthyroidism

Overactive thyroid, increase in T3/T4 hormones.

Primary hyperthyroidism

Dysfunction of the thyroid.

Secondary hyperthyroidism

Dysfunction of the pituitary gland.

Tertiary hyperthyroidism

Dysfunction of the hypothalamus.

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Inhibits enzyme thyroid peroxidase which converts iodide to iodine and incorporates it into the amino acid tyrosine, inhibiting production of T3/T4

Combination pills

Contraceptive drugs containing estradiol (estrogen) + progestin (progesterone).

Progestin-ONLY pills

Contraceptive drugs containing synthetic progesterone.

Emergency contraception

Contraception using synthetic progesterone to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex.

Intrauterine devices (IUD)

Contraception using synthetic progesterone implanted in the uterus.

Medical abortion

Abortion induced by mifepristone (inhibits progesterone) + misoprostol (induces cramping).

Synthetic oxytocin

Causes uterine contractions, speeding labor.

Terbutaline

β2 agonist delays preterm labor and also used to treat asthma and COPD.

Tamoxifen

Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM).

Metformin

A biguanide that decreases glucose production in the liver and increases glucose uptake in tissue cells for T2D.