How Successful was the Duke of Northumberland?

Who was the Duke of Northumberland?

John Dudley

• his father was Edmund Dudley - hated Council Learned member & executed by Henry VIII

• his son, Robert Dudley, later became one of Queen Elizabeth’s favourites

What was Northumberland like?

• skilled soldier - similar career to Edward Seymour & worked with him too

What had Northumberland previously achieved?

• Battle of Pinkie had been a joint operation with him & Somerset

• entered the Privy Council in 1553

• Somerset made him Earl of Warwick & Lord Chamberlain

Was Northumberland ever happy with Somerset’s superiority?

No - played a long game eventually ousting the protector after the rebellions of 1549

How did Northumberland utilise his Government?

Like Somerset, he utilised factions to help him get into power

How did Northumberland come into power?

• appointed himself as Duke of Northumberland

• initially ruled collectively via a Privy Council calling himself Lord President of the Council & had allowed Somerset to join

• following Somerset’s plot to regain power & his execution in 1552 - Northumberland gained control of the dry stamp of the King’s signature allowing him to rule alone

How did Northumberland keep power even as he became increasingly unpopular?

it was only the favour of Edward VI which kept him safe

Why did Northumberland attempt to change the line of succession?

Edward illness from 1552 - attempt to change the succession placing his daughter-in-law as next in line to the throne

• executed for doing this by Mary (alongside his son & Lady Jane Grey)

How did Northumberland’s Religion gain him favour from Edward VI?

gained Edward VI’s favour by adopting extremely Protestant views as Edward began to exert his own influence on religion

Which radicals did Northumberland support?

John Knox & John Hopper - helped to spread the word of Protestantism

What book did Thomas Cranmer write & publish in 1552?

a new Book of Common Prayer in 1552

How did Northumberland make England more Protestant?

• restricted Church music

• colourful vestments banned in favour of simpler dress

• services for baptism, burial and confirmation were simplified

• assets such as church plate were also stripped from the church

What Religious Reform did Northumberland introduce in 1553?

Forty-Two Articles of Religion

What did the Forty-Two Articles of Religion do in 1553?

laid out the central beliefs of the Protestant Church of England in 1553

By the end of Northumberland’s reign what had happened regarding Religion?

people were much less likely to leave possessions or money to their local church

• Catholicism had been stripped!

How did Northumberland help the Economy?

• Reduced Crown Expenditure

• Raised £133,333 following the sale of Boulogne

Who were Northumberland’s skilled administrators & bureaucrats?

William Cecil, William Paulet, Sir Walter Mildmay & Sir Thomas Gresham

• streamlined the outdated Court of Augmentations set up by more efficient & attempt to deal with debasement of coinage

By 1553, what had Royal Debt been reduce to?

£180,000

What legislation did Northumberland successfully pass in March 1549?

increase tax - 5% tax on personal property

What happened regard the Cloth Trade in Antwerp under Northumberland?

Cloth Trade in Antwerp collapsed as foreigners fled Charles V’s Catholic Inquisition in the Netherlands

By 1551, what had Northumberland attempted to do help his Social Policy?

taken actions to control stocks of grain to relieve the crisis caused by the harvest failures

How did Northumberland keep law and order in England?

Northumberland used Lord Lieutenants & retainers of trusted nobles to keep law and order

When were their bad harvests under Northumberland?

1550 &1551

Which part of Somerset’s Social Policies did Northumberland not continue?

Anti-Enclosure Measures

What was happening regarding the poor under Northumberland?

number of poor was still growing & food prices increased by 10%

What did Northumberland’s Foreign Policy successfully end?

brought an end to the wars with Scotland & France

• agreeing the Treaty of Boulogne - France paid 400,000 crowns for Boulogne & agreed to remove all men from Scotland

What was the publics reaction to Northumberland’s Treaty of Boulogne with France?

many in England believed the treaty was a national disgrace & humiliating for England

• Dudley believed that the Treaty stopped England from going bankrupt which would have been more humiliating

What marriage treaty with France did Northumberland arrange?

Edward VI would marry Elizabeth (daughter of Henry VII) when she became 12

• France would get a dowry of 200,000 crowns & England would be neutral in continental wars

Who was angered as a result of Northumberland’s marriage treaty with France?

angered Charles V (HRE) as England would support France & not him

When did Northumberland have success in Scotland?

1552 - agreement established the Scottish border line

What did Northumberland encourage explorers to do?

encouraged explorers to search out new routes to develop trade like Sebastien Cabot - explored possible trade routes in the North Atlantic

• company found a route to the port of Archangel in the White Sea & made links with Ivan IV, the Tsar of Muscovy