NUCLEIC ACID PART 2

Replication

CENTRAL DOGMA

• DNA produces EXACT COPY of DNA

  • Called:

ADENINE - THYMINE

DNA PAIRS: 

ADENINE - URACIL

RNA PAIRS: 

tranSCRIPTION

PROCESS: DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules

NUCLEUS

• OCCURS: —-

• = both replication & transcription

PARTIAL UNWINDING OF DNA strand

tranSCRIPTION

BEGINS: RNA polymerase causes ——

= bukas DNA

tranSLATION

PROCESS: mRNA is deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

• Formed directly by DNA TRANSCRIPTION. 

• INITIAL STRAND

  • Contain: RNA nucleotide

• CONTAIN:

•  exon & intron

Messenger RNA(mRNA)

• CARRIES instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) from DNA 

• The molecular mass of mRNA varies with the length of the protein

POST-TRANSCRIPTION PROCESSING

• CONVERTS THE HNRNA TO MRNA

FORMATION: mRNA

SPLICING

• Excision (TIKAL) of introns

• joining of exons

  • CALLED

SPLICEOSOME

• Excision (TIKAL) of introns

• joining of exons

  • RESPONSBLE

• RNA

• PROTEIN

SPLICEOSOME

• Combination of

SMALL NUCLEAR RNA (snRNA)

RNA =

• Responsible convert hnRNA to mRNA

•  SMALL NUCLEAR RIBO NUCLEOTIDE PROTEIN 

(snRNP)

SMALL NUCLEAR RNA (snRNA)

• HELPER

• LYSOSOMES

• PROTEIN 

  • Together with RNA =

    • THAT: R

      • emove introns

      • Join hexon

EXON 

• a gene segment that codes for genetic information

  • NEED MAG DIKIT-DIKIT

INTRON

• a DNA segments that interrupt a genetic message 

  • The splicing process is driven by snRNA

  • NEED MATIKAL

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING

A process by which several different protein variants are produced from a single gene 

• The process involves excision of one or more exons

NUCLEAR PORE

Nabuu na si RNA = lalabas sa BUTAS 

-    Called:

CYTOPLASM

present : RIBOSOME

SMALL RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT

= SCAN 

• Kay mRNA para makita if start naba protein synthesis 

LARGE RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT: 

ATTACHMENT/addition  OF AMINO ACID

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• DELIVERS AMINO ACIDS To the sites for protein synthesis

• SMALLEST RNA 

  • Sa dulo meron syang 3 nucleotide sequence complementary to mRNA

    • Called: ANTICODON

Transcrip tome

Responsible for the biochemical complexity created by splice variants obtained by hnRNA

CODON

• A THREE-NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE in an mRNA molecule that CODES for a SPECIFIC AMINO ACID 

Based on all possible combination of bases A, G, C, U there are 64 POSSIBLE CODES

GENETIC CODE

The assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals) 

• 3 of the 64 codons are termination codons (―stop‖signals)

• SAMA SAMA NA CODON

3RD

LETTER - will determine what AMINO ACID

• AUG

  • METHIONINE

START CODON Aka: Initiation codon

• UAG

• UGA

• UAA

STOP CODON Strop protein synthesis

• ARGinine

• LEUcine

• SERine

SIX CODONS: ex

• METHionine

• TRPtophan

SINGLE CODON

SYNONYMS 

Codons that specify the same amino acid

3’ END

of tRNA is where an AMINO ACID Is covalently bonded to the tRNA.

ANTICODON

a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA

• UAC

SEE: OPPOSITE OPEN LOOP

AMINO ACYL tRNA  SYNTHETASE

ENZYME responsible for tRNA charging: 

RIBOSOME

rRNA–protein complex

• serves as the site of protein synthesis:

Elongation

Adjacent to the P site in an mRNA–ribosome complex is A site (aminoacyl site) and the next tRNA with the appropriate anticodon binds to it.

• TRANSLOCATION

• is the part of translation in which a ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base positions (one codon) so that a new codon can occupy the ribosomal A site

PROTEIN RELEASE FACTOR

• NO tRNA HAS AN ANTICODON that can base pair with these stop codons 

USE INSTED

- block para ma stop protein synthesis

Post-translational processing

GIVES THE PROTEIN THE FINAL FORM it needs to be fully functional

MUTATION

An error in base sequence reproduced during DNA replication 

• Errors in genetic information is passed on during transcription. 

• The altered information can cause changes in amino acid sequence during protein synthesis and thereby alter protein function 

• Such changes have a profound effect on an organism.

FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

Mutation that INSERTS OR DELETES a base in a DNA molecule base sequence. 

• delekado

mutagens

MUTATIONS are caused by

• E. coli

GENETIC ENGINEERING

BIOTECHNOLOGY)

• Bacterial strains such as —— inserted with circular plasmids, a nd/or yeast cells carrying vectors containing foreign genes are us ed for this purpose 

TRISOMY 21

AKA: DOWN SYNDROME

• Has TRIPLICATE COPY of the 21st chromosome 

SYMPTOMS/MANIFESTATIONs:

• Sterility - ndi mabuntis

• Impaired cognitive abilities 

• distinct physical features

TRISOMY 21

AKA:

• Has TRIPLICATE COPY of the——-

SYMPTOMS/MANIFESTATIONs:

TRISOMY  X

AKA:  TRIPLE X SYNDROME

• “SUPER FEMALE SYNDROME”

extra X chromosome: FEMALES

SYMPTOMS: 

• Sterility

• Cognitive impairment 

• distinct physical features (USUALLY TALLER).

TRISOMY  X

AKA: 

extra X chromosome:

SYMPTOMS: 

KLINE FELTER SYNDROME

AKA: XXY SYNDROME

Extra X chromosome:  MALE 

MANIFESTATIONs:

• underdeveloped male secondary sexual characteristics

•  they usually have more feminine features

KLINE FELTER SYNDROME

AKA: XXY SYNDROME

extra X chromosome:  MALE 

MANIFESTATIONs:

• underdeveloped male secondary sexual characteristics

•  they usually have more feminine features

KLINE FELTER SYNDROME

AKA:

extra X chromosome:  

MANIFESTATIONs: