elizabethan society

2 features about elixabethan theatre

• one feature is that the plays performed would only consist of men - an example of this was the queens men group set up in 1583 so young boys would perform womens roles

• the demand for theatres rose during elizabths reign for example more were built like Red Lion Theatre 1567 in whitechapel.

• both classes were able to attend - for example poorer people would stand in pit and wealthy people would sit directly ontop of stage

how was spin economically a threat

• had largest empire which couldn’t compete against and claimed much of anerica’s which made them very rich and anyone who wanted to trade in empire needed a licence which coukdn’t get

• so med to illegal trade and privateering to steal goods agreeing phillip

2 features about sir walsinghams spy materiel

• used to protect elizabeth against threats as would post info on threats to queen both abroad and from within the country

• set up a spy training school teaching how to decipher coded letters which was important in having tin plot as been reading mary’s letters

• throughout england had spied but also agents abroad as 12 in france and 9 in germany and 4 in spain to catch catholics

what happened at 2nd attempt of colonisation

• ships carrying 100 colonists including men and women arrive at Roanoke to establish a permanent settlement , but once arrive it was deserted and abandoned

• new governor john white meets with people there (natives” and explains that past colonises where killed by Native communities therefor he attacks them as revenge

why did 2nd colony fail

• war with spain : ships needed for war with spain which elizabeth banned so white coukdn’t return quickly once got supplies and colony coukdn’t keep importing supplies

• native tensions: war first and violence in second showing it

• continued lack of supplies showing not planned or prepare well

who led the first one

• ralph kane : governor and richard greenville who was commander

• john white governed second

what happened to relations 1587

• began to deteriorate between colosonisys and native americans

• white leaves roanoke to bring more spuuplies as colonists move ti a different part of the island

• but when returned there is no sign of the colonists and is deserted

what did elizabeth do 1587

• White arrives at the colony before finding it destroyed elizabeth make sure no more ships leave due to spanish threat arising

which leisure activities did only yhe poor do

• football: enjoyed by lower class men which had to get goal in a net, would turn violence sometimes and lasted hours

• Inns: important apart of life for lower classes , mostly men but women could also attend to spend evenings frinking ale and relaxing

• TavernsL were similar and places of entertainment however crime and prostitution common.

what was sporting activities for wealthy

• archery and fencing: important gor wealthy elixabethan men as used this to stregnthen and train for war

• real tennis: nobility enjoyed where would play on large indoor tennis courts and restricted to only men

sports both classes did

• cock fighting: where agressive birds, cockrels would fight eachother but puritans disapproved on since it took place on sunday

• Blood sports: brutal sports such as dog fighting, bear baiting whoch invo;ved a dog being set on a bear and people had to bet on it

what leisure activities where enjoyed by both classes

• theatre: all men and women would attend and watch however less wealthy citizens sit in the pit whilst more wealthy would sit directly above stage so others could see them in the pit which was popular and enjoyed by most - shakespearean plays.

• music: all passiomate about, poor classesprefered bagpipes, fiddles, flutes whilst wealthy had access to lutes harpsichords.

• gambling: cards and dice games popular amongst both men and women but nobility and gentry had more oppprtunity to play and gamble since had more money

what leasiruring activties were for rich

• listen to musicians: employ full time ones in which would learn to play them - popular amongst women

• wealthy women also spent time sewing inspired by liz since she was a keen sewer and often made gifts for courtiers

• literature become popular amongst nobilty due to growth of education for gentry and nobility and more people becoming literate - poetry

list 6 factors why poverty increased / vagrancy

• growth in towns

• inflation

• poor harvests

• enclosures

• rising taxes

• collapse of cloth trade

how did the enclosure laws impact poverty

farmers began to find new ways to make money and one way was by keeping sheep in land rather hiring people to watch over them, therefore began enclosing their land

• so fewer farm workers employed so more lost job so leading to epopel to move into towns to look for jobs so therefore led to vagrancy increasing

how did growth of towns impact vagrancy

• more began to move towns to look for work due to many factors in society to look for housing and jobs since was a shortage.

• many became wandering poor , jobless , homeless (vagrants)

• so many turned to crtime as a way to survive

• populatio grew by 35 percent

how did increased taxes and rents impact vagrancy

• parliament increased taxes in order to deal with war with spain

• so landlords increased rents on farmland to afford taxes to levels people couldnt afford (RACK RENTING) which led to people becoming homeless so many farmers left to go to towns as lost land

• difficulty finding jobs as skilled based in countryside

how did poor harvests impact vaghrancy

• everyone depended on food grown by farmers but poor harvests began increasing meaning less food available and reduced quality of food before elizabeth came queen

• led to a huge food shortage for liz to deal with so prices where higher for food

• so many came into towns to look for works to get food

how did collpase of the cloth trade impact vagrancy

europpeans cloth trade began collpasing in 1550s and many relied on trade by cloth from working as soinners to make a living aswell as being sheep farmers which he wool came from , used to make cloth

• most couldnt get new jobs as had set skills on that so once it collpased no jobs needed for it leaving vagrants

what did inflation impact vagrancy

• prices rose across england making living life difficult since wages did not increase so poverty then increased since wages did not rise

• employers also cut wages to keep costs down so payed workers less

• conseqently made poor be unable to buy resources they needed to survive such as food therefor

what were the majority of attitudes like towards vagrancy

• most of wealthy people in towns were concerned of the growth in towns especially of vagrants and those in poverty since believed that they would corrupt the towns by

• many saw them as lazy and should be punished

• - crime: believed were resposnsiblle for majprity of crimes in society which was evident as was a dramtic increase in it especially theft

• spread diseases: many believed that they carried diseases such as the plague due to having no home so no hygiene - influenced by pamphlets which increased tension towards vagrants as woudl spread idea of poor being disease carriers

• many believed that would join in to rebel against queen so revolt was a risk

How did puritans have a concern of poverty

• those in parliament on privy council saw laziness as a sin and thought it was their duty to correct behaviour through harsh punishment for th under serving poor

what was tthe ‘undeserving poor’

people who society saw as idle/lazy as chose not to work hence they didnt deserve help

what the act passed to deter vagrants

1572 vagabonds act: in which made vagrancy a crime - to be caught wandering the streets jobless or homeless which would be punished harshly in aim to deter and decrease vagranc due to corruption caused #

1st convicion would be whippled, 2nd would have ear drilled a hole in and 3rd would be executed

however this supported the deserving poor making a turning point for fairness

What did 1572 vagabondage act do for deserving poor

JPS kept a register of the deserving poor and paid for their food and shelter which was funded by the poor rate (a special tax on the rich) - fairness as distinguish between undeserving and deserving poor

how did elizabthans deal with poverty - what things began to change

• many saw it was there christian duty to help individuals and should take care of those below them in society

• wealthy would sometimes do occosional donation to charities

• and this was focussed on the ‘deserving poor’ seen as people who deserved help mainly elderly and disabled people since saw that poor may not be a fault of own due to physical inabillity

what was the act passed that supported the deserving poor

1576 poor relief act: aim to finally distinguish between the deserving and underserving poor and to punish fairly

• this act would mean that JPs would provide able-bodied poor with wool and raw materials o aneble them to worl by making things to sell to make money

• those who refused were then sent to a house of correvtion where wh=ould be whipped and forced to do hard labour

• bridewells 1550s - mainly undeserving poor did this as were lazy

what impact did the poor laws have

• remained to be a problem throughout her reign due to conflict with spain and revolt in netherlands which hit trade badly

• mass suspicion and criticism of poverty and hatred towards poor stll remainded due to them being behind crime and pamphlets which said cooaused disease

who was Walter Raleigh

• he obtained a royal charter = formal document issued by monarch that grants rights

• which enabled to establish a colony in Ronoke island of north carolina

• organised two expeditions but didn’t take colonists himself to take settlers there

• Elizabeth’s fav courtier

was was his role in the colonisation of virginia

• organise and raise funds for colony

• promote voyage to persuade people to go so he didn't have to

• develop blue print

• appoint a ruler of virgina to rule in his place

What weren3 reasons why raleigh attempted to colosinde Virgina (ronoke island)

• economy boost

• Increase empire

• Rivalry with Spain

Why did he colonise it due to economy boost

• because through colosinig virgina it had many exotic luxuries and goods such as gold and tobacco which would be worth lots in England if it was brought back which could then therefore be traded to boost economy

• New trade routes rather reliance in Netherlands

• Natives would also trade English colonisers for simple English goods such as woolen cloth , providing work for merchants and cloth makers which could then reduce poverty for cloth makers

Why was it caused from rivalry with Spain

• as previously Spain largest empire and held dominance and influence in the “new world” - the americas, expanding global influence which was a threat to Elizabeth

• WHY?

• So by Elizabeth allowing colonisation in Virginia raleigh aimed to weaken Spanish influence in the americas aswell as provide a base in Virginia where could disrupt Spanish ships with English privateers

Why did raleigh colonise Virginia due to empire boost

• as colonisation was a way to stretch English influence across the world as by claiming land in Virginia would have marked the beginning of English territorial claims in americas , strengethinh ability for further expansion from experience

• Aswell as spreading English culture, religion abroad

• So his attempt was a step towards later successful colonies

Why did Virginia colony fail due to ENGLISH (expectations)

• initially arrived with unrealistic expectations due to the idyllic descriptions of Virginia they ha d been given to influence them to go there which influenced them to believe they could get rich quickly without putting in to work to do so

• Led to failure as many merchants refused to do any physical work due to expectations have been given so was therefore no co-operating which was needed for colony to thrive which meant didn’t put neccasry groundwork in for stable, growing colony

Why did Virginia colony fail due to poor planning (apart of English inexperience peeeel)

as there was poor planning for the needed skills for colony since there was too much craftsmen and not enough farmers As a result many weavers and bakers didn’t have the raw materials they needed

• leading to failure as could therefore not produce enough food individually meaning that they would have to rely on the natives more for survival as ship already damaged but if was prepared the ship damage wouldn’t have been such an issue

• couldn’t become self sufficient and had to struggle to survive

Why did colony Gail due to English misunderstanding over local conditions

• as many believed they could use the natives to do labour rather than themself which was impossible to do

• Aswell as hunting and fishing was difficult as their English fishing techniques did not work in the shallow waters , making it difficult to fish

• Leading to failure as were clearly not prepared for the reality of the colony as they were unable to work around this issue due to their poor co- operation

• led to severe food shortages making it difficult for colony survival

WHY DUD ENGLISH COLONY FAIL - NATIVE RESISTANCE

• fear of disease

• Demands from English colonists

• Conflict and violence

How did the fear of disease contribute to fail of colonisation

• as due to English moving to ronoke island the native tribe were suspicious especially the chief, Wingina

• He thought they had supernatural powers as he noticed that many if the natives were dying unexpectedly from English moving their which led to him thinking they had powers to kill them without physical harm

• Leading to failure as this was a misunderstanding that created tension rather needed peace between natives that lived there and English which was needed to co-operate and build trust for colony to last as it was actually diseases and didn’t intend to harm them

• Influential as chief

Why did colony fail due to native relations form the English demands

• as due to their poor planning and voyage they were short on food supplies so they began to ask and demand food handouts from the native Americans which soon led to violent clashes due to the constant demands as they were taking away the natives resources when they should have been self prepared

• Leading to it failing as chief became tired of handouts and frustrated the, all ,earning their relations worsened over the English demands and hostility between the two groups so clear unable to last thru co operation

• and due to this at an early stage shows the natives would not be able to work well together long term

Native failure , violent clashes

• as a result of the demands for food handouts natives got too frustrated and by 1586 Wingina asked other chiefs to gather together to attack the English

• In which English were prepared and found out, resulting in killing Wingina

• Led to failure despite success of defeat if chief as through the planned plot against the English it was clear the colony was unsafe and the natives were a threat and were unable to build peaceful relations with the English, leading to their retreat to Portsmouth in 1586 July