bio 20

Carbohydrates

Short-term energy source; found in bread, rice, pasta, fruits, sugars; made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Lipids

Long-term energy storage, insulation, and cell membranes; found in oils, butter, nuts, avocado; made of glycerol and fatty acids.

Proteins

Build and repair tissues, enzymes, muscles, and hormones; found in meat, eggs, dairy, beans; made of amino acids.

Dehydration synthesis

Joins smaller molecules together by removing water.

By-product of dehydration synthesis

Water, H2O.

Isomers

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.

Monosaccharide isomers

Glucose, fructose, and galactose; all have formula C6H12O6.

Saturated fats

Fats with no double bonds between carbon atoms; usually solid at room temperature; example: butter.

Unsaturated fats

Fats with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms; usually liquid at room temperature; example: olive oil.

Hydrogenation

Process that converts unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen to double bonds.

Pepsin

Enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach.

Pepsin optimum pH

Pepsin works best in very acidic, low pH conditions.

Bile

Fluid that emulsifies fats by breaking large fat droplets into smaller droplets.

Liver in digestion

Produces bile.

Gall bladder in digestion

Stores and releases bile.

Pancreatic amylase

Breaks down carbohydrates in the small intestine.

Lipase

Breaks down lipids/fats in the small intestine.

Trypsin/proteases

Break down proteins in the small intestine.

Bicarbonate

Neutralizes stomach acid entering the small intestine.

Organ that secretes bicarbonate

Pancreas.

Light-dependent reactions

Purpose is to produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle.

Light-dependent reactions location

Thylakoid membrane.

Light-dependent reactions requirements

Light, water, ADP, and NADP+.

Light-dependent reactions products

Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle location

Stroma.

Calvin Cycle requirements

CO2, ATP, and NADPH.

Calvin Cycle products

G3P/glucose, ADP, and NADP+.

Chemiosmosis

Movement of H+ ions through ATP synthase down their concentration gradient.

Chemiosmosis product

ATP.

ATP synthase

Enzyme that uses H+ movement to make ATP.

Mitochondrial matrix

Inner fluid space of the mitochondrion.

Cristae

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Folded membrane where the electron transport chain occurs.

Outer mitochondrial membrane

Outside boundary of the mitochondrion.

Intermembrane space

Space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

Trachea

Windpipe that carries air to the bronchi; supported by cartilage rings.

Bronchi

Two main tubes that carry air from the trachea into each lung.

Similarity between bronchi and trachea

Both have cartilage support and ciliated mucus-producing cells.

Bronchioles

Smaller airways that branch throughout the lungs.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Gas exchange in lungs

Occurs in the alveoli; oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves blood.

Diaphragm during inhalation

Contracts and moves downward; chest volume increases and pressure decreases.

Diaphragm during exhalation

Relaxes and moves upward; chest volume decreases and pressure increases.

Septum

Structure that separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart.

Vena cava

Superior and inferior vena cava return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Right ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

Pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Pulmonary veins

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

Aorta

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Carry blood toward the heart.

Pulmonary artery exception

Artery that carries deoxygenated blood.

Pulmonary vein exception

Vein that carries oxygenated blood.

Vein valves

Prevent backflow of blood.

Fight-or-flight blood vessels

Arteries to skeletal muscles dilate; arteries to the digestive tract constrict.

Acid precipitation

Caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides reacting with water in the atmosphere.

Fertilizer runoff

Causes eutrophication and algal blooms, not acid precipitation.

Geographic isolation

Physical separation of populations by barriers like mountains, rivers, islands, or distance.

Geographic isolation and evolution

Stops gene flow, so populations can evolve differently and form new species.

Speciation

Formation of a new species.

Always true of veins

Veins carry blood toward the heart.

Small intestine

Main site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption.

Large intestine

Absorbs water and forms feces.