Sport: Functional Anatomy, Systems and Biomechanics

What are the 4 functions of bones

Structure, Protect vital organs, Support body and attach to muscle, Produce red blood cells

what is posterior

back of the body

what is anterior

front of the body

what are fibrous joints

immoveable joints that mainly just protect organs

what are cartilaginous joints

slightly moveable, the joints occur where the bone connection is made up of cartilage, mainly smaller bones

what are synovial joints

freely moveable joints that allow bones to move freely like knees, hips, elbows, shoulders

what do tendons do

attach muscle to bone

what do ligament do

attach bone to bone

gliding joints

surface is flat (where bone joins with joint which is flat), movement occurs when sliding over each other e.g carpals

what is the movement of gliding joints

forward and back

hinge joints

when the surface of one fits into concave of another, similar action to door opening and closing with a hinge, only moves one direction e.g knee/shoulder

what is the movement of hinge joints

bending straightening/ flexion and extension

pivot joints

allows one bone with C shaped structure to pivot around another, creates turning movement (left to right) e.g neck

what is the movement of pivot joints

left to right

saddle joints

when one bone fits into another allowing it to move forward back and left and right e.g thumb

what is the movement of saddle joints

forward + back and left + right

ball + socket joint

the “ball” of one bone fits into socket of a joint e.g lifting you’re arm- shoulder joint

what is the movement of ball + socket joint

rotation, flexion + extension, adduction + abduction

what are origin muscles

the point where the muscle is attached to the stationary bone in a movement (always above the joint)

what are insertion muscles

area of muscle that moves when muscle contracts (always below the joint)

what are the agonist muscle in the antagonist pairs

the muscle responsible for movement

what are the antagonist muscle in the antagonist pairs

the muscle that relaxes to allow the movement

muscle extendability

when muscles stretch beyond resting length

muscle contraction

when muscle shortens

flexion

results in the joint angle decreasing e.g bicep curl

extension

results in joint angle increasing e.g lowering weights and straightening arm

abduction

movement away from mid line

adduction

movement towards mid line

rotation

motion of a body part turning on its axis e.g head turning side to side

circumduction

circular movement of limb

pronation

when you turn the palm of your hand down to the ground

supernation

when you turn the palm of your hand up to the sky

dorsi flexion

movement of decreasing angle between foot and leg e.g pointing foot up

plantar flexion

movement of increasing angle between foot and leg e.g pointing toes

what are the three types of muscle

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found within organs and around the body, contracts and relaxes to move materials around the body

cardiac muscle

heart specific muscle that contracts and relaxes to pump blood though the body

skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle that creates movement for the body, they works in pairs to pull on bones

what colour are slow twitch fibres

red

what colour are fast twitch type A fibres

white/pink

what colour are fast twitch type B fibres

white

info on slow twitch fibres

aerobic (use oxygen), contract slowly, low force high fatigue resistance

example of slow twitch muscle fibre activity

marathon running

info on fast twitch type A fibres

anaerobic (doesn’t use oxygen), moderately fast, uses glucose as energy source, lactic acid system

example of fast twitch type A muscle fibre activity

400m run

info on fast twitch type B fibres

anaerobic, ATP as energy source, powerful but fatigue quickly

example of fast twitch type B muscle fibre activity

sprinting

function of the circulatory system

helps body deliver materials to cells, whilst removing wastes, using the heart to pump blood, transporting oxygen to everywhere in the body

5 functions of the circulatory system

1. circulates blood to the body

2. transport oxygen, water and nutrients to the cells

3. transports co2 away from cells

4. maintains body temp

5. produce white blood cells to fight infection

what does the heart do

4 chambered muscle that pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenate blood to the lungs to get oxygen

what are the 5 blood vessels

capillaries, veins, venues, arteries, arterioles

capillaries

microscopic blood vessels that connect to arterioles and venues, they also allow for gas exchange between oxygen nutrients and waste between blood, lungs and cells.

veins

carry deoxygenate blood back to the heart, they are low pressure, so they need valves to prevent back flow, blood is moved along vessels by muscle contraction.

arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the body, they have thick muscular walls which contain smooth muscle and elastin to withstand high pressure from the large amount of blood passing though.

 

What is the cardiac cycle

one complete heartbeat

What is the cardiac output

volume of blood to leave the ventricle in 1 minute

What is the stroke volume

how much blood pumped in one beat (M/L)

 

How is cardiac output calculated

heart rate x stoke volume

what is blood

fluid that transports oxygen, nutrients and waste around the body by pumping action of the heart.

functions of blood

1. transport nutrients and waste

2. regulates body temp

3. protection of the body

what are the 4 parts of blood

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

role of plasma

water based fluid that helps carry materials around body through blood,

role of red blood cells

responsible for carrying oxygen to cells around the body and removing carbon dioxide

role of white blood cells

responsible for protecting the body from infection

role of platelets

fragments of cells that allow blood clotting

5 functions of the respiratory system

1. deliver oxygen from air to lungs

2. provide method of gas exchange between o2 and co2

3. allows speech as air passes through vocal chords in the trachea

4. facilitates sense of smell

5. expel heat and water vapour in exhalation

what are the 3 main sections of the R.S

air passages, lungs and diaphragm

what are the lungs protected by

ribs, sternum, vertebrae

where are the lungs located

chest cavity

steps of inspiration

look at diagram

steps of expiration

look at diagram

why do we need to breathe

brain always monitors o2 and co2 levels, when co2 levels rise, that triggers need to breathe, if you need more o2 during exercise the brain increases heart rate and respiration rate to make up for difference.

ventilation

amount of air inspired in 1 min

tidal volume

amount of air breathe in and out in 1 breathe

respiration rate

amount of breaths per minute

formula for ventilation

Ventilation= Tidal volume x Respiration rate

What is bio mechanics:

the study of motion and effects of forces relative to the body

Benefits to biomechanics:

-              Modification of equipment to improve sports performance

-              Technological development of equipment

-              Technique efficiency

Motion:

Movement that happens when an object has changed position in space and time due to application of forces

Internal motion:

Structures of the body that interact and move to produce movement e.g muscles

External motion:

Results from the interaction between body and environment e.g water resistance

Linear motion:

movement along a straight line e.g cyclist pedalling

Curvilinear motion:

When the movement is linear but the object moves on a curve trajectory

Angular motion:

Where all parts of the body move through rotational pathway e.g gymnastic doing circle on the bar

General motion:

general motion of human movement, its both linear and angular

Projectile motion:

path of motion of a projectile after being released and the curved path it travels

Distance:

how far you have travelled from start to finish positions

Displacement:

measure of overall change in a position

Speed:

distance an object travels over a period of time

Velocity:

speed of an object in a specific direction

Acceleration:

process of increasing speed

Uniform acceleration:

acceleration at a constant rate

What is the flight path of a projectile determined by:

angle, speed and height of release

Angle of release:

determines trajectory shape, horizontal distance, and time in air

Speed of release:

the greater the speed of release the greater the distance of the projectile will go

Height of release:

vertical distance between the ground and the point where its released

Newtons first law:

an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by another force

Newtons second law:

the acceleration of a body is proportional to the force and mass acting on it

Newtons third law:

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Example of newtons first law in sport:

In soccer A ball on the ground stays still until a player kicks it, once kicked, it keeps moving until forces like friction or a player stop it